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Abstract: The paper analyzed the lack of higher education has not clearly established ownership; insufficient market economy mechanism, imperfect of college internal management system and inadequate compensation system of higher education. Finding current status of higher education equity, including equitable development of high education and the lack of progress made in 4 factors. And then get an optimal solution obtained by the government, universities and individuals in higher education and how to locate and select strategies.
Key words: education inequity, higher education
Research background:
Equity access to educate is basic human right and is the part of our welfare. Educational service is a critical public service provided by government and they have the main responsibility to push educational equity. Student’s education system is means that educators should base on the social need to influent their body and mind by planning and organizing. As extend of social equality, we need pay more attention on educational equality.
Theories on educational equity:
Definition of educational equity:
1. The state puts the rationality of standard or rule as foundation to allocate country’s educational recourses.
Educational equity is belongs to a history category. It has different meaning during the different time and counties. It reflects social reality and educational ideality. Educational equity is relative. Since social environments are different, talents, ability, and endeavors of students are different, educational equity permits differences.
2. In macro aspect: educational equity refers to every school-age child having the same educational rights and opportunity, share the same public educational resources; in micro aspect: educational equity refers to every educator should treat every educatee equally, without any discrimination.
Frame work of educational equity.
1. Start point equity.
2. Process point equity.
3. Outcome point equity.
Evaluation criteria of education equity.
1. Indicators of access opportunity equity.
2. Indicators of public educational resources allocation equity.
3. Indicators of educational quality equity.
4. Indicators of educational equity among groups.
Indicators of public educational resources allocation equity
1. Per-student budgetary recurrent expenditure and public expenditure in basic education.
2. Per-student area of school buildings. Rate of dilapidated school buildings. 3. Per-student value of instructional equipment. Per-student volume of library books
4. Ratio of students to teachers. Academic and professional background of full-time teachers.
Challenges faced by China’s higher educational equity.
1. Disparities of access opportunity of higher education across regions are prominent; the number of colleges and recruitment scale are largely different across regions.
① Disparity of enrollment rates higher education across regions.
② Analyze access opportunity from the number of college students from different regions.
③ Difference of enrollment rates resulted from imbalance allocation of the high-quality educational resources across regions.
2.The educational equity of disadvantaged groups requires more attention.
Living with identical piece blue sky, but can not receive the same education. The economical problem of higher education for children of migrant workers and Minority area has not been addressed yet. Children of migrant workers can not learning and taking exam in their parent’s work place. Urban-rural dual economic structures divide the whole education system into “rural education” and “urban education”, this economic system aggravated educational inequity. The problem of special education is severe: situation of the disabled people’s higher education and problem of staff in special education is prominent. The number of disabled people get college diploma is 940,000, it only occupying 1.13% of proportion of disabled.
3.Disparities of resources allocation in higher education are prominent.
Comparison of grants in higher education among the “211 and 985 university” (in 1993, State council called focus on central and local government force to construct about 100 universities and a number of key disciplines.) and general university. Proportion of the expenditure on education of “211 and 985 universities” is twice as much as large the university which financed and managed by provincial government.
4.Disparities of higher education quality are prominent.
Some believe that the extension for higher education has leveled down university standards and teaching quality. According to the EMI assumption, it is an mistake just put increasing the number of enrollment rate as a standard that decline educational inequity, government need pay more attention on improving school infrastructure and academic level for the low class student.
Conclusion:
Each unit in the education system should know and focus attention on the educational equity issue. China's rapid economic development and improvement can be provided material basis for further promotion of equity in education. The Chinese government could pay much attention to the development of education and educational equity, and take a series of advanced systems and measures to provide policies and regulations for protecting educational equity. Improve access higher educational chance for children come from rural residents, low-income families, vulnerable groups and minority region, reduce the education cost and the risk.
Bibliography
Martin Carnoy. (1995). History and current situation of economic education and educational recourses allocation: International Encyclopedia of Economics Education.【M】Oxford,OX,UK
Alfred A.Knopff. (1953). D.East Political System: An Inquiring into the state of Political Science【M】.New York
Luoquandao. (2005, 4). The principle and charter of America higher education evaluate system: America higher education evaluates criteria that expect to have lessons for China.【J】 Beijing Education.
Key words: education inequity, higher education
Research background:
Equity access to educate is basic human right and is the part of our welfare. Educational service is a critical public service provided by government and they have the main responsibility to push educational equity. Student’s education system is means that educators should base on the social need to influent their body and mind by planning and organizing. As extend of social equality, we need pay more attention on educational equality.
Theories on educational equity:
Definition of educational equity:
1. The state puts the rationality of standard or rule as foundation to allocate country’s educational recourses.
Educational equity is belongs to a history category. It has different meaning during the different time and counties. It reflects social reality and educational ideality. Educational equity is relative. Since social environments are different, talents, ability, and endeavors of students are different, educational equity permits differences.
2. In macro aspect: educational equity refers to every school-age child having the same educational rights and opportunity, share the same public educational resources; in micro aspect: educational equity refers to every educator should treat every educatee equally, without any discrimination.
Frame work of educational equity.
1. Start point equity.
2. Process point equity.
3. Outcome point equity.
Evaluation criteria of education equity.
1. Indicators of access opportunity equity.
2. Indicators of public educational resources allocation equity.
3. Indicators of educational quality equity.
4. Indicators of educational equity among groups.
Indicators of public educational resources allocation equity
1. Per-student budgetary recurrent expenditure and public expenditure in basic education.
2. Per-student area of school buildings. Rate of dilapidated school buildings. 3. Per-student value of instructional equipment. Per-student volume of library books
4. Ratio of students to teachers. Academic and professional background of full-time teachers.
Challenges faced by China’s higher educational equity.
1. Disparities of access opportunity of higher education across regions are prominent; the number of colleges and recruitment scale are largely different across regions.
① Disparity of enrollment rates higher education across regions.
② Analyze access opportunity from the number of college students from different regions.
③ Difference of enrollment rates resulted from imbalance allocation of the high-quality educational resources across regions.
2.The educational equity of disadvantaged groups requires more attention.
Living with identical piece blue sky, but can not receive the same education. The economical problem of higher education for children of migrant workers and Minority area has not been addressed yet. Children of migrant workers can not learning and taking exam in their parent’s work place. Urban-rural dual economic structures divide the whole education system into “rural education” and “urban education”, this economic system aggravated educational inequity. The problem of special education is severe: situation of the disabled people’s higher education and problem of staff in special education is prominent. The number of disabled people get college diploma is 940,000, it only occupying 1.13% of proportion of disabled.
3.Disparities of resources allocation in higher education are prominent.
Comparison of grants in higher education among the “211 and 985 university” (in 1993, State council called focus on central and local government force to construct about 100 universities and a number of key disciplines.) and general university. Proportion of the expenditure on education of “211 and 985 universities” is twice as much as large the university which financed and managed by provincial government.
4.Disparities of higher education quality are prominent.
Some believe that the extension for higher education has leveled down university standards and teaching quality. According to the EMI assumption, it is an mistake just put increasing the number of enrollment rate as a standard that decline educational inequity, government need pay more attention on improving school infrastructure and academic level for the low class student.
Conclusion:
Each unit in the education system should know and focus attention on the educational equity issue. China's rapid economic development and improvement can be provided material basis for further promotion of equity in education. The Chinese government could pay much attention to the development of education and educational equity, and take a series of advanced systems and measures to provide policies and regulations for protecting educational equity. Improve access higher educational chance for children come from rural residents, low-income families, vulnerable groups and minority region, reduce the education cost and the risk.
Bibliography
Martin Carnoy. (1995). History and current situation of economic education and educational recourses allocation: International Encyclopedia of Economics Education.【M】Oxford,OX,UK
Alfred A.Knopff. (1953). D.East Political System: An Inquiring into the state of Political Science【M】.New York
Luoquandao. (2005, 4). The principle and charter of America higher education evaluate system: America higher education evaluates criteria that expect to have lessons for China.【J】 Beijing Education.