“使神”号航天飞机、“阿里安-5”运载火箭和“哥伦布”轨道飞行器是欧洲空间局(ESA)的三大航天计划。本文对 ESA 的组织机构、历史演变及其三大航天计划作了分析与论述。30多年来,由于航天技术突飞猛进的发展,空间资源为人类共有,以及开发空间需要很大的财政支持等原因,发展航天技术越来越需要进行国际合作。尤其在西欧,多数国家都意识到,在当今形势下,必须积极参加宇宙研究和开发。但就任何一个西欧国家 The space shuttle “God”, the “Ariane-5” launch vehicle and the “Columbus” orbiter are the three major space programs of the European Space Agency (ESA). This article analyzes and discusses the organizational structure, historical evolution and the three major space programs of ESA. For more than 30 years, due to the rapid development of space technology, the sharing of space resources for humankind, and the need for great financial support for developing space, the development of space technology is increasingly in need of international cooperation. In Western Europe, in particular, most countries realize that in today’s situation, they must actively participate in cosmic research and development. But for any one Western European country