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定语从句一直是历年高考的热点项目。笔者研究了近几年高考题,总结了定语从句的考查热点,以及往往与什么样的干扰项匹配构成试题,希望使考生在复习时更有针对性。
热点I. 关系副词where的考查
1. where 引导的定语从句,先行词一般表示地点,且关系词在定语从句中作状语。例如:
Mozart’s birthplace and the house _____ he composed ‘The Magic Flute’ are both museums now. ( 09上海)
A. whereB. whenC. thereD. which
答案: A。定语从句的先行词是house,且关系词在定语从句中作地点状语,相当于in which。
2. 当先行词指地点时, 关系词不一定用where。
关系词的选择必须遵循两个原则:
1) 看关系词指人还是物。
2) 看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分。
3) 成分的判断用还原法, 即:把先行词代到定语从句中去, 先行词在定语从句中所作的成分就是关系词在定语从句中的成分。只有关系词指地点且在定语从句中作状语时才用where,当关系词在定语从句中作主语、宾语时则用which,that,作定语则用whose。
4) where 的考查通常和which, that, what,there等匹配构成试题。例如:
The Science Museum , _______ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions. (08江西)
A. which B. whatC. thatD. where
答案: A。 先行词The Science Museum表示地点,但关系词在定语从句中作visit的宾语,且that不引导非限制性定语从句,所以选which。
3. 当关系词用where 时, 先行词不一定指地点。也就是表地点的先行词模糊化。
① 当先行词是situation, case, point, condition等名词时, 关系词用where, 相当于in which, 在定语从句中作状语, 强调特定的形势、情况、环境等。例如:
It’s helpful to put children in a situation ____ they can see themselves differently. ( 09福建)
A. that B. when C. whichD. where
答案:D。本句意为:把孩子放在一个能使他们从另一个角度认识自己的环境中对他们有益。定语从句的先行词是situation, 表示特定环境,利用还原法得到:They can see themselves differently in the situation,所以关系词作状语,因此选择where, 相当于in which。
注意:
—Do you have anything to say for yourselves ?
—Yes, there is one point _____ we must insist on. ( 06江西)
A. why B. where C. how D. /
答案: D 。先行词point在这里意思是:观点, 且关系词在定语从句中作insist on的宾语, 所以不选择B,而选D, 因为关系词作宾语时可以省略。
② 先行词还有可能是job, activity, race 等。关键在于:关系词在定语从句中作地点状语。例如:
—What do you think of teaching, Bob?
—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ____ you are doing something serious but interesting. (09北京)
A. where B. which C. when D. that
答案: A。
热点II. 关系副词when, why的考查
1. 当先行词指时间或原因时,关系词不一定用when和why。例如:
The moment ______ Leo will never forget is _____ Mr. Green gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing. ( 08安徽江南十校)
A. that, when B. that, that
C.when, that D. when , where
答案:A。第一空考查的是that 引导的定语从句,虽然先行词the moment指时间, 但关系词在定语从句中作forget的宾语, 所以不能选择when ; 第二空考查when引导的表语从句。
2. 当关系词用when时,先行词不一定指时间,也就是表时间的先行词模糊化。先行词有可能是stay, occasion 等。例如:
She’ll never forget her stay there _____ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. ( 09四川)
A. that B. which C. where D. when
答案:D。本句意为:在那里逗留期间,她找到了失散两年的儿子,那段时光令她难忘。定语从句的先行词是stay,利用还原法得到:She found her son who had gone missing two years before during her stay there.stay指时间,且关系词作状语,所以选择when,相当于during which。
热点III“介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句
对“介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句的考查主要有两个方面。
1. 若介词放在关系代词前,关系词只能用whom (指人,宾语),which, (指物,宾语), whose(指人或物,定语),不可用 that 和who。所以通常是与“介词 +that”或介词 +who等匹配构成试题。 例如:
She brought with her three friends, none of _____ I had ever met before. ( 09全国I )
A. them B. whoC. whomD. these
答案:C。
2. “介词 + 关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most , each, few等代词,数词或名词等, 此类试题通常与 “介词 + that”, “介词 + 不定代词” 匹配构成试题。
The man pulled out a gold watch, _____ were made of small diamonds. ( 08陕西)
A. the hands of whomB. whom the hands ofC. which the hands of D. the hands of which
答案: D。
注意:介词后有时还可以 + 关系副词, 例如:
The book was written in 1946, ________ the education system has witnessed great charges. (07山东)
A. when B. during which
C. since then D. since when
答案:D。先行词是1946 ,利用还原法得到:…, since 1946 the education system has witnessed great charges, 所以选择since when。若选择C,应该在横线前加and,改成并列句。
热点IV 分隔式定语从句:
先行词有时不直接紧靠先行词,中间有一个定语、状语或谓语隔开,这就是分隔式定语从句。分隔式定语从句的难点在于先行词的判断,判断的关键在于对句意的正确理解。
Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _____ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night. ( 09江苏)
A. ifB. whenC. whichD. since
答案:B。根据句意:“由于经济危机,在当地五星级酒店住一个晚上就要6,000元的日子一去不复返了”,判断出定语从句的先行词为days, 且在定语从句中作状语, 所以选择when, 相当于in which。
热点V whose引导的定语从句。
whose即可指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作定语。通常与of which / of whom 等匹配构成试题。
A person _____ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails. (09天津)
A. whoB. whomC. whoseD. whoever
答案:C。 定语从句的先行词是a person , 指人,且在从句中作e-mail account的定语。
热点VI非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句的考查主要分为三个方面:
1. 非限制性定语从句不能用that引导,但是并不是都用which 引导。
More wild tigers have been in the forest around this area, _______ there used to be very few. (09北京西城一模)
A. when B. where C. what D. which
答案:B。先行词为the forest, 且在定语从句中作状语, 所以选择where, 相当于in which。
2. which引导的非限制性定语从句
which作关系代词引导非限制定语从句,除了指物外,更多的是指整个主句或主句的部分内容,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语。which引导的从句只能置于句中或句末, 译作 “ 这, 这一点” 。通常与that(不引导非限制性定语从句), who(误认为先行词是人),where(误认为先行词指地点),what等匹配构成试题。
1) My friend showed me round the town, ______ was very kind of him. ( 09全国II )
A. which B. that C. where D. it
2) Whenever I met her, ____ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. (09山东)
A. who B. which C. whenD. that
答案:1)A。which 指主句内容,在定语从句中做主语, 用在句末; 2)B。 which 指主句内容,Whenever I met her,she greeted me with a sweet smile在定语从句中做主语, 用在句中。
注意:which 引导的非限制性定语从句常与并列句混合考查。例如:
1) The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but __ didn’t help.(05全国Ⅲ)
A. it B. she C. which D. he
答案:A 。 but 引导并列句,it是第二个分句的主语。并列句通常有并列连词and, but, so, or 等引导, 或者两个分句之间是分号或句号。
3. as 引导的非限制性定语从句
as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前,之后,或其间,用逗号隔开。译作“正如…”。as 的常用形式有:
as anybody can see 正如人人都看到的
as we had expected 正如我们所预料的
as often happens 正如经常发生的那样
as is often the case情况常常如此
as has been said before如前所述
as may be imagined可以想象的出
as sb. remembers正如某人所记得的
as has been pointed out
正如已经指出的那样
as is reported in the newspaper
正如报纸中报道的那样
as is well known = as everybody knows =as we all know众所周知
例如:
The Beatles, _____ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (06天津)
A. whatB. thatC. how D. as
答案:D。
注意:as引导的非限制性定语从句与名词性从句的混合考查。例如:
It is obvious to the students _____ they should get well prepared for their future.
A. as B. what C. which D. that
答案:D。it是形式主语,that从句是真正的主语。此题也可以变形如下:
1) As is obvious to the students, they should get well prepared for their future.
2) What is obvious to the students is that they should get well prepared for their future.
3) They should get well prepared for their future, as / which is obvious to the students.
4) That they should get well prepared for their future is obvious to the students.
热点VII定语从句与其它从句的差异
1.关系副词引导的定语从句与状语从句和名词性从句的差别
A. 定语从句的前面有名词作先行词,而状语从句和名词性从句没有先行词。
B. when, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词 + which”的结构来替换,在引导状语从句或名词性从句时却不行。例如:
— Mom, what did your doctor say?
— He advised me to live _________ the air is fresh. (06 四川)
A. in where B. in which
C. the place where D. where
答案:D。此句中where 引导的是状语从句,所以不能换成B, 若用定语从句应该把C 改成at the place where。
2. (such / so...) as引导的限制性定语从句和(such / so…)that引导的结果状语从句的差别。as引导定语从句时,在定语从句中充当主语,宾语等成分,而that 在结果状语从句不充当成分,换句话说,定语从句是不完整的,而状语从句是完整的。例如:
1)His plan was such a good one _______ we all agreed to accept it. (06陕西)
A. asB. that C. so D. and
2)Mount Wuyi is such an attractive place of interest ________ everyone likes to visit. ( 08福建质检I)
A. that B. as C. which D. what
答案:1)B we all agreed to accept it 中不缺成分,所以选择that引导的结果状语从句; 2)B everyone likes to visit中缺宾语,所以选择as引导的定语从句。
3. 定语从句与强调句的差别
强调句的判断原则是:去掉It is / was … that / who … , 剩下的还是一个完整的句子,若不完整则可能是其它句式。 例如:
—Where did you get to know her?
—It was on the farm ________ we worked. (07山东)
A.that B. there C. whichD. where
答案:D。此题的难度在于去掉it was和要填的词后,句子似乎仍然完整,所以很多考生误认为是强调句,都不约而同地选择了that ,实际上where 引导的是定语从句,因为这是一个省略的强调句, 补全应该是: It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her。
4. 定语从句与同位语从句的差别
A. 从句和先行词的关系不同
定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词,对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用,与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词,是进一步解释前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。
B. 引导词及其作用不同
引导定语从句关系词在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分,如主语、宾语、状语、定语、表语等,且关系词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略;引导同位语从句的连词只起连接主从句的作用,不在从句中担任任何句子成分,且在任何时候都不能省略。例如:
News came from the school office _______ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. (09四川)
A. which B. what C. that D. where
答案:C。that引导的是分隔式同位语从句,解释news的具体内容,而一些考生误认为此题考查的是定语从句,且误认为先行词是news或office,所以错误地选择了A或D。
热点I. 关系副词where的考查
1. where 引导的定语从句,先行词一般表示地点,且关系词在定语从句中作状语。例如:
Mozart’s birthplace and the house _____ he composed ‘The Magic Flute’ are both museums now. ( 09上海)
A. whereB. whenC. thereD. which
答案: A。定语从句的先行词是house,且关系词在定语从句中作地点状语,相当于in which。
2. 当先行词指地点时, 关系词不一定用where。
关系词的选择必须遵循两个原则:
1) 看关系词指人还是物。
2) 看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分。
3) 成分的判断用还原法, 即:把先行词代到定语从句中去, 先行词在定语从句中所作的成分就是关系词在定语从句中的成分。只有关系词指地点且在定语从句中作状语时才用where,当关系词在定语从句中作主语、宾语时则用which,that,作定语则用whose。
4) where 的考查通常和which, that, what,there等匹配构成试题。例如:
The Science Museum , _______ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions. (08江西)
A. which B. whatC. thatD. where
答案: A。 先行词The Science Museum表示地点,但关系词在定语从句中作visit的宾语,且that不引导非限制性定语从句,所以选which。
3. 当关系词用where 时, 先行词不一定指地点。也就是表地点的先行词模糊化。
① 当先行词是situation, case, point, condition等名词时, 关系词用where, 相当于in which, 在定语从句中作状语, 强调特定的形势、情况、环境等。例如:
It’s helpful to put children in a situation ____ they can see themselves differently. ( 09福建)
A. that B. when C. whichD. where
答案:D。本句意为:把孩子放在一个能使他们从另一个角度认识自己的环境中对他们有益。定语从句的先行词是situation, 表示特定环境,利用还原法得到:They can see themselves differently in the situation,所以关系词作状语,因此选择where, 相当于in which。
注意:
—Do you have anything to say for yourselves ?
—Yes, there is one point _____ we must insist on. ( 06江西)
A. why B. where C. how D. /
答案: D 。先行词point在这里意思是:观点, 且关系词在定语从句中作insist on的宾语, 所以不选择B,而选D, 因为关系词作宾语时可以省略。
② 先行词还有可能是job, activity, race 等。关键在于:关系词在定语从句中作地点状语。例如:
—What do you think of teaching, Bob?
—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ____ you are doing something serious but interesting. (09北京)
A. where B. which C. when D. that
答案: A。
热点II. 关系副词when, why的考查
1. 当先行词指时间或原因时,关系词不一定用when和why。例如:
The moment ______ Leo will never forget is _____ Mr. Green gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing. ( 08安徽江南十校)
A. that, when B. that, that
C.when, that D. when , where
答案:A。第一空考查的是that 引导的定语从句,虽然先行词the moment指时间, 但关系词在定语从句中作forget的宾语, 所以不能选择when ; 第二空考查when引导的表语从句。
2. 当关系词用when时,先行词不一定指时间,也就是表时间的先行词模糊化。先行词有可能是stay, occasion 等。例如:
She’ll never forget her stay there _____ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. ( 09四川)
A. that B. which C. where D. when
答案:D。本句意为:在那里逗留期间,她找到了失散两年的儿子,那段时光令她难忘。定语从句的先行词是stay,利用还原法得到:She found her son who had gone missing two years before during her stay there.stay指时间,且关系词作状语,所以选择when,相当于during which。
热点III“介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句
对“介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句的考查主要有两个方面。
1. 若介词放在关系代词前,关系词只能用whom (指人,宾语),which, (指物,宾语), whose(指人或物,定语),不可用 that 和who。所以通常是与“介词 +that”或介词 +who等匹配构成试题。 例如:
She brought with her three friends, none of _____ I had ever met before. ( 09全国I )
A. them B. whoC. whomD. these
答案:C。
2. “介词 + 关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most , each, few等代词,数词或名词等, 此类试题通常与 “介词 + that”, “介词 + 不定代词” 匹配构成试题。
The man pulled out a gold watch, _____ were made of small diamonds. ( 08陕西)
A. the hands of whomB. whom the hands ofC. which the hands of D. the hands of which
答案: D。
注意:介词后有时还可以 + 关系副词, 例如:
The book was written in 1946, ________ the education system has witnessed great charges. (07山东)
A. when B. during which
C. since then D. since when
答案:D。先行词是1946 ,利用还原法得到:…, since 1946 the education system has witnessed great charges, 所以选择since when。若选择C,应该在横线前加and,改成并列句。
热点IV 分隔式定语从句:
先行词有时不直接紧靠先行词,中间有一个定语、状语或谓语隔开,这就是分隔式定语从句。分隔式定语从句的难点在于先行词的判断,判断的关键在于对句意的正确理解。
Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _____ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night. ( 09江苏)
A. ifB. whenC. whichD. since
答案:B。根据句意:“由于经济危机,在当地五星级酒店住一个晚上就要6,000元的日子一去不复返了”,判断出定语从句的先行词为days, 且在定语从句中作状语, 所以选择when, 相当于in which。
热点V whose引导的定语从句。
whose即可指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作定语。通常与of which / of whom 等匹配构成试题。
A person _____ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails. (09天津)
A. whoB. whomC. whoseD. whoever
答案:C。 定语从句的先行词是a person , 指人,且在从句中作e-mail account的定语。
热点VI非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句的考查主要分为三个方面:
1. 非限制性定语从句不能用that引导,但是并不是都用which 引导。
More wild tigers have been in the forest around this area, _______ there used to be very few. (09北京西城一模)
A. when B. where C. what D. which
答案:B。先行词为the forest, 且在定语从句中作状语, 所以选择where, 相当于in which。
2. which引导的非限制性定语从句
which作关系代词引导非限制定语从句,除了指物外,更多的是指整个主句或主句的部分内容,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语。which引导的从句只能置于句中或句末, 译作 “ 这, 这一点” 。通常与that(不引导非限制性定语从句), who(误认为先行词是人),where(误认为先行词指地点),what等匹配构成试题。
1) My friend showed me round the town, ______ was very kind of him. ( 09全国II )
A. which B. that C. where D. it
2) Whenever I met her, ____ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. (09山东)
A. who B. which C. whenD. that
答案:1)A。which 指主句内容,在定语从句中做主语, 用在句末; 2)B。 which 指主句内容,Whenever I met her,she greeted me with a sweet smile在定语从句中做主语, 用在句中。
注意:which 引导的非限制性定语从句常与并列句混合考查。例如:
1) The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but __ didn’t help.(05全国Ⅲ)
A. it B. she C. which D. he
答案:A 。 but 引导并列句,it是第二个分句的主语。并列句通常有并列连词and, but, so, or 等引导, 或者两个分句之间是分号或句号。
3. as 引导的非限制性定语从句
as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前,之后,或其间,用逗号隔开。译作“正如…”。as 的常用形式有:
as anybody can see 正如人人都看到的
as we had expected 正如我们所预料的
as often happens 正如经常发生的那样
as is often the case情况常常如此
as has been said before如前所述
as may be imagined可以想象的出
as sb. remembers正如某人所记得的
as has been pointed out
正如已经指出的那样
as is reported in the newspaper
正如报纸中报道的那样
as is well known = as everybody knows =as we all know众所周知
例如:
The Beatles, _____ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (06天津)
A. whatB. thatC. how D. as
答案:D。
注意:as引导的非限制性定语从句与名词性从句的混合考查。例如:
It is obvious to the students _____ they should get well prepared for their future.
A. as B. what C. which D. that
答案:D。it是形式主语,that从句是真正的主语。此题也可以变形如下:
1) As is obvious to the students, they should get well prepared for their future.
2) What is obvious to the students is that they should get well prepared for their future.
3) They should get well prepared for their future, as / which is obvious to the students.
4) That they should get well prepared for their future is obvious to the students.
热点VII定语从句与其它从句的差异
1.关系副词引导的定语从句与状语从句和名词性从句的差别
A. 定语从句的前面有名词作先行词,而状语从句和名词性从句没有先行词。
B. when, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词 + which”的结构来替换,在引导状语从句或名词性从句时却不行。例如:
— Mom, what did your doctor say?
— He advised me to live _________ the air is fresh. (06 四川)
A. in where B. in which
C. the place where D. where
答案:D。此句中where 引导的是状语从句,所以不能换成B, 若用定语从句应该把C 改成at the place where。
2. (such / so...) as引导的限制性定语从句和(such / so…)that引导的结果状语从句的差别。as引导定语从句时,在定语从句中充当主语,宾语等成分,而that 在结果状语从句不充当成分,换句话说,定语从句是不完整的,而状语从句是完整的。例如:
1)His plan was such a good one _______ we all agreed to accept it. (06陕西)
A. asB. that C. so D. and
2)Mount Wuyi is such an attractive place of interest ________ everyone likes to visit. ( 08福建质检I)
A. that B. as C. which D. what
答案:1)B we all agreed to accept it 中不缺成分,所以选择that引导的结果状语从句; 2)B everyone likes to visit中缺宾语,所以选择as引导的定语从句。
3. 定语从句与强调句的差别
强调句的判断原则是:去掉It is / was … that / who … , 剩下的还是一个完整的句子,若不完整则可能是其它句式。 例如:
—Where did you get to know her?
—It was on the farm ________ we worked. (07山东)
A.that B. there C. whichD. where
答案:D。此题的难度在于去掉it was和要填的词后,句子似乎仍然完整,所以很多考生误认为是强调句,都不约而同地选择了that ,实际上where 引导的是定语从句,因为这是一个省略的强调句, 补全应该是: It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her。
4. 定语从句与同位语从句的差别
A. 从句和先行词的关系不同
定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词,对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用,与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词,是进一步解释前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。
B. 引导词及其作用不同
引导定语从句关系词在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分,如主语、宾语、状语、定语、表语等,且关系词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略;引导同位语从句的连词只起连接主从句的作用,不在从句中担任任何句子成分,且在任何时候都不能省略。例如:
News came from the school office _______ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. (09四川)
A. which B. what C. that D. where
答案:C。that引导的是分隔式同位语从句,解释news的具体内容,而一些考生误认为此题考查的是定语从句,且误认为先行词是news或office,所以错误地选择了A或D。