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早期关于正义动机的研究多以西方、受良好教育、工业化、富有、民主社会(western,educated,industrialized,rich,and democratic,WEIRD)的被试(特别是中产阶级家庭的大学生群体)为样本,并以个人主义、集体主义作为文化区分的理论基础,发现西方人表达个人正义动机多从独立的自我参照视角出发,相信自己生活在一个好有好报、恶有恶报的美好世界;而中国人表达正义动机却从互依或他人参照视角出发,认为社会整体是一个好有好报、恶有恶报的和谐世界。近年来,主流学者开始意识到这样的研究存在重大的取样偏差或自我偏差、情境偏差,其揭示的人类行为特征(WEIRD)也是奇怪的。本文利用元分析技术,对36个中国样本(N=8396)的个人世道正义观(自我参照)与一般世道正义观(他人参照)的相关系数和均值差进行效果值检验。结果发现,个人世道正义观与一般世道正义观之间存在强正相关(r=0.64,Fisher’s Z=0.75),平均数差异显著,但效果值很小(d=0.20);进一步的调节变量分析发现,只有在非学生样本、弱势情境下(如生活逆境),被试的个人世道正义观得分才显著低于一般世道正义观,即认为“自己委屈、他人应得”。总之,中国人的正义动机呈现低自我参照、高情境区分的特点,并非“独立”或“互依”就能简单概括的。
Earlier studies on the motives of justice were mostly based on the western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) subjects (especially the middle-class college students) And using individualism and collectivism as the theoretical basis for cultural differentiation, we find that Westerners motivate individuals to express individual justice. From an independent perspective of self-referential perspective, I believe I live in a beautiful world that is good, informative and evil. China From the perspective of mutual dependence or other people’s perspective, people think that the whole society is a harmonious world that is well-informed, evil-rewarded. In recent years, mainstream scholars have come to realize that there are major sampling deviations or self-deviations and circumstantial deviations in such studies, and it is also surprising that the human behavioral characteristics (WEIRD) revealed. In this paper, meta-analysis technique is used to test the effect coefficient of the correlation coefficient and the mean difference of the personal world view of justice (self-reference) and the general view of world justice (reference of others) of 36 Chinese samples (N = 8396). The results showed that there was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.64, Fisher’s Z = 0.75) between the personal worldview of justice and the general worldview of justice, the average difference was significant, but the effect value was small (d = 0.20); further adjusted variables analysis Found that only in non-student samples, disadvantaged situations (such as adversity of life), the score of individual moral justice was significantly lower than that of general world view of justice, that is, “self-wronged, others deserve ”. In short, the Chinese people’s positive motives are characterized by a low self-reference and a high level of situation differentiation, which can not be simply summed up by “independence ” or “interdependence ”.