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[摘要]目的 检测人工全髋关节置换术前、术后血浆纤维蛋白原,纤维蛋白降解产物,D-二聚体含量变化,探讨其对诊断及预防下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床指导意义。 方法 选择人工全髋关节置换患者133例,根据术后有无DVT将其分为DVT组和Control组,分别于入院后1d、术后1d、7d、14d检测凝血功能纤维蛋白原(FIB)、纤维蛋白降解产物(FDB)、D-二聚体(D-dimer),并进行分析比较。 结果 血浆FIB含量在手术前后Control组和DVT组差异无统计学意义,术后两组均有一过性升高趋势,但术后14d降至正常;FDB手术前后两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),Control组术前含量较低,術后同样有一过性升高趋势,术后14d逐渐降低,术后各个时间点同术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),DVT组术前FDP含量较高,术后1d达峰值,之后逐渐下降,各时间点差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);D-dimer术后两组含量逐渐增高,术后7d、14d同术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后7d、14d DVT组含量显著高于Control组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 纤维蛋白原、纤维蛋白降解产物和D-二聚体的检测在低分子肝素预处理后的人工全髋关节置换术后DVT的早期预防及治疗上具有临床应用价值,尤其是D-二聚体是诊断深静脉血栓的实验室无创伤检查的首选方法。
[关键词] 人工全髋关节置换;纤维蛋白原;D-二聚体;深静脉血栓
[中图分类号] R684 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2014)08-16-04
The clinical significance of monitoring the two D- dimmer, fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products in preventing deep vein thrombosis after hip replacement
NIU Yunfeng LI Guangxian LIU Jinbang XU Jinsong
Department of Orthopedics, Hospital of Anyang Area in Henan Province, Anyang 455000, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the clinical significance of determination of plasma fibrinogen (FIB), fibrin degradation products (FDB),D-dimer (D-dimer) content on of total hip arthroplasty for prevention of deep venous thrombosis of lower extremity. Methods One hundred and thirty-three cases of patients undergoingtotal hip arthroplasty was divided into DVT groups and control groups according to the presence or absence of postoperative DVT respectively, after admission 1d, after 1d, 7d, 14d detect coagulation FIB, FDB, D-dimer and were analyzed and compared. Results Plasma FIB levels before and after surgery difference was not statistically significant between in both groups, after a transient increase trend, but returned to normal after 14d; Each time point after operation were compared with preoperative had statistical significance (P<0.05), DVT group FDP level before operation was higher than after operation, reached peak at 1d, then decreased gradually, and no significant difference at each time point (P>0.05); D-dimer after operation in the two groups were gradually increased, with statistical significance after 7d, 14d preoperative difference (P<0.05), after 7d, 14d in DVT group was significantly higher than that in control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The detection of FIB, FDB and D-dimer in early prevention and treatment of DVT total hip arthroplasty in low molecular weight heparin pretreated after has clinical application value, especially D-dimer is the preferred method for diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis of the non-invasive examination of laboratory
[Keywords] Total hip arthroplasty; Fibrinogen; D-dimer; Deep vein thrombosis
近几年随着人工关节的普遍应用,关节置换后深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT),以及继发的肺栓塞对患者的危害越来越受到重视。常发生在围手术期内,据文献报道关节置换手术后下肢DVT发生率为18%~40%,致命肺栓塞发生率为1%~5%[1-3]。50%的DVT患者缺乏明显的临床症状及体征,故仅凭临床表现进行诊断较困难,静脉造影是诊断DVT的金标准,但因是创伤性检查,临床难以大量应用。因此目前临床多采用彩色多普勒超声诊断DVT,但其检查结果存在滞后性,待超声诊断成立,静脉血栓已经形成。因此临床亟需能早期预测DVT发生的检查手段。
纤维蛋白原(FIB),纤维蛋白降解产物(FDB),D-二聚体(D-Dimer)是血液发生血栓及血栓前状态的凝血及纤溶系统活性改变的分子标志物,可反映体内凝血和纤溶过程的变化,是血栓形成或溶解的标志,本研究通过检测人工髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty, THA)患者手术前、后血浆FIB、FDB、D-Dimer的含量变化,回顾性分析三种检测指标对DVT早期诊断的价值,为DVT的预防及指导治疗提供理论依据。
D-Dimer是交联纤维蛋白的特异性降解产物,是血栓形成和溶解的特异性标志物。血栓形成后,在体内一般0.5h后开始自溶,在纤溶酶的作用下降解成大小不规则的多肽小片段,其中最小的片段即D-Dimer,D-Dimer的存在表明体内有血栓形成并溶解,但其升高不能肯定最终有血栓存在,故可作为一项有用的筛选指标,其含量<500ng/mL可基本排除体内有血栓正在形成。其水平的增高反映继发性纤溶活性的增强,可作为体内高凝状态和纤溶亢进的分子标记物。据报道D-Dimer在DVT诊断中的敏感性为95%,特异性为40%,阳性预测值为48%,阴性预测值为95%[9-11],因此血漿D-Dimer的检测对急性DVT的诊断具有高度敏感性[12]。
THA术后常规应用低分子肝素抗凝后,D-Dimer是否仍具有较高的敏感性和诊断意义,未见相关报道。笔者从表3结果分析来看,Control组D-Dimer在围手术期轻度升高,术前1d和术后7d、14d比较差异有统计学意义。考虑原因为手术中软组织的广泛干扰,血管的牵拉,内皮细胞损伤,术后出现纤溶亢进过程;DVT组术后1d即开始升高,7d出现峰值,术后14d其含量持续维持在较高水平,提示溶栓药物可加速交联纤维蛋白的降解,使血浆D-Dimer的含量增加。进一步结合表1来看,FIB在术后7d,14d含量轻度下降,说明术后经低分子肝素作用后降解,使其水平下降。
既往认为,因为手术激活了组织的凝血与抗凝,所以术后短期内患者 D-Dimer几乎都呈阳性,因此对于 DVT 的诊断或者鉴别诊断价值不大,但可用于术前 DVT 高危患者的筛查[3, 13-14]。然而通过本研究证实,术后发生DVT的患者较未发生DVT患者血浆D-Dimer水平高,提示如果THA术后D-Dimer持续不降,在彩超发现DVT前,可以早期提高抗凝药物的应用,增加物理抗血栓治疗,预防DVT的发生。
综上所述,FIB,FDP和D-Dimer的动态检测在THA导致DVT的早期预防及治疗上具有临床应用价值,尤其是D-Dime对DVT具有的排除诊断价值,是诊断DVT的实验室无创伤检查的首选方法,同时可以指导临床用药,减少用药的盲目性,临床上具有较强的使用价值。
[参考文献]
[1] Lieberman JR,Geerts WH.Prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip and knee arthroplasty[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am,1994,76(8):1239-1250.
[2] Borgen PO,Dahl OE,Reikeras O.Biomarkers of coagulation and fibrinolysis during cemented total hip arthroplasty with pre-versus postoperative start of thromboprophylaxis[J].Thrombosis,2013,2013:563217.
[3] Xu Z,Shi D,Zhang C,et al.Postoperative plasma D-dimer value for predicting deep venous thrombosis following hip arthroplasty with nadroparin prophylaxis[J].Hip Int,2013,23(4):411-416.
[4] 邱贵兴,杨庆铭,余楠生,等.低分子肝素预防髋,膝关节手术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的多中心研究[J].中华骨科杂志,2007,26(12):819-822.
[5] 吕厚山,徐斌.人工关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成[J].中华骨科杂志,1999,19(3):155-156.
[6] Liew NC,Gul Y,Moissinac K.Postoperative venous thromboembolism in Asia:a critical appraisal of its incidence[J].Asian Journal of Surgery,2003,26(3):154-158.
[7] Kearon C.Natural history of venous thromboembolism[J].Circulation,2003,107(23 Suppl 1):122-130.
[8]马海梅,张会英,朱广玉,等.人工髋关节置换术围手术期凝血,抗凝活性变化[J].中华实用诊断与治疗杂志,2009,23(7):646-647.
[9] Shimoyama Y,Sawai T,Tatsumi S,et al.Perioperative risk factors for deep vein thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty[J].J Clin Anesth,2012,24(7):531-536.
[10] Green L,Lawrie AS,Patel R,et al.The effect of total hip/knee replacement surgery and prophylactic dabigatran on thrombin generation and coagulation parameters[J].Thrombosis research,2012,130(5):775-759.
[11] Blanie A,Bellamy L,Rhayem Y,et al.Duration of postoperative fibrinolysis after total hip or knee replacement:a laboratory follow-up study[J].Thrombosis research,2013,131(1):e6-e11.
[12] 白雪,杨军,王毅,等. P-选择素,D-二聚体对关节置换术后深静脉血栓早期诊断的价值[J].上海医学,2007,30(2):140-141.
[13] 邱贵兴,戴尅戎,杨庆铭,等.预防骨科大手术后深静脉血栓形成的专家建议[J].中国临床医生,2006,34(1):27-28.
[14] Rafee A,Herlikar D,Gilbert R,et al. D-Dimer in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis following total hip and knee replacement:a prospective study[J].Ann R Coll Surg Engl,2008,90(2):123-126.
(收稿日期:2014-02-08)
[关键词] 人工全髋关节置换;纤维蛋白原;D-二聚体;深静脉血栓
[中图分类号] R684 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2014)08-16-04
The clinical significance of monitoring the two D- dimmer, fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products in preventing deep vein thrombosis after hip replacement
NIU Yunfeng LI Guangxian LIU Jinbang XU Jinsong
Department of Orthopedics, Hospital of Anyang Area in Henan Province, Anyang 455000, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the clinical significance of determination of plasma fibrinogen (FIB), fibrin degradation products (FDB),D-dimer (D-dimer) content on of total hip arthroplasty for prevention of deep venous thrombosis of lower extremity. Methods One hundred and thirty-three cases of patients undergoingtotal hip arthroplasty was divided into DVT groups and control groups according to the presence or absence of postoperative DVT respectively, after admission 1d, after 1d, 7d, 14d detect coagulation FIB, FDB, D-dimer and were analyzed and compared. Results Plasma FIB levels before and after surgery difference was not statistically significant between in both groups, after a transient increase trend, but returned to normal after 14d; Each time point after operation were compared with preoperative had statistical significance (P<0.05), DVT group FDP level before operation was higher than after operation, reached peak at 1d, then decreased gradually, and no significant difference at each time point (P>0.05); D-dimer after operation in the two groups were gradually increased, with statistical significance after 7d, 14d preoperative difference (P<0.05), after 7d, 14d in DVT group was significantly higher than that in control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The detection of FIB, FDB and D-dimer in early prevention and treatment of DVT total hip arthroplasty in low molecular weight heparin pretreated after has clinical application value, especially D-dimer is the preferred method for diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis of the non-invasive examination of laboratory
[Keywords] Total hip arthroplasty; Fibrinogen; D-dimer; Deep vein thrombosis
近几年随着人工关节的普遍应用,关节置换后深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT),以及继发的肺栓塞对患者的危害越来越受到重视。常发生在围手术期内,据文献报道关节置换手术后下肢DVT发生率为18%~40%,致命肺栓塞发生率为1%~5%[1-3]。50%的DVT患者缺乏明显的临床症状及体征,故仅凭临床表现进行诊断较困难,静脉造影是诊断DVT的金标准,但因是创伤性检查,临床难以大量应用。因此目前临床多采用彩色多普勒超声诊断DVT,但其检查结果存在滞后性,待超声诊断成立,静脉血栓已经形成。因此临床亟需能早期预测DVT发生的检查手段。
纤维蛋白原(FIB),纤维蛋白降解产物(FDB),D-二聚体(D-Dimer)是血液发生血栓及血栓前状态的凝血及纤溶系统活性改变的分子标志物,可反映体内凝血和纤溶过程的变化,是血栓形成或溶解的标志,本研究通过检测人工髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty, THA)患者手术前、后血浆FIB、FDB、D-Dimer的含量变化,回顾性分析三种检测指标对DVT早期诊断的价值,为DVT的预防及指导治疗提供理论依据。
D-Dimer是交联纤维蛋白的特异性降解产物,是血栓形成和溶解的特异性标志物。血栓形成后,在体内一般0.5h后开始自溶,在纤溶酶的作用下降解成大小不规则的多肽小片段,其中最小的片段即D-Dimer,D-Dimer的存在表明体内有血栓形成并溶解,但其升高不能肯定最终有血栓存在,故可作为一项有用的筛选指标,其含量<500ng/mL可基本排除体内有血栓正在形成。其水平的增高反映继发性纤溶活性的增强,可作为体内高凝状态和纤溶亢进的分子标记物。据报道D-Dimer在DVT诊断中的敏感性为95%,特异性为40%,阳性预测值为48%,阴性预测值为95%[9-11],因此血漿D-Dimer的检测对急性DVT的诊断具有高度敏感性[12]。
THA术后常规应用低分子肝素抗凝后,D-Dimer是否仍具有较高的敏感性和诊断意义,未见相关报道。笔者从表3结果分析来看,Control组D-Dimer在围手术期轻度升高,术前1d和术后7d、14d比较差异有统计学意义。考虑原因为手术中软组织的广泛干扰,血管的牵拉,内皮细胞损伤,术后出现纤溶亢进过程;DVT组术后1d即开始升高,7d出现峰值,术后14d其含量持续维持在较高水平,提示溶栓药物可加速交联纤维蛋白的降解,使血浆D-Dimer的含量增加。进一步结合表1来看,FIB在术后7d,14d含量轻度下降,说明术后经低分子肝素作用后降解,使其水平下降。
既往认为,因为手术激活了组织的凝血与抗凝,所以术后短期内患者 D-Dimer几乎都呈阳性,因此对于 DVT 的诊断或者鉴别诊断价值不大,但可用于术前 DVT 高危患者的筛查[3, 13-14]。然而通过本研究证实,术后发生DVT的患者较未发生DVT患者血浆D-Dimer水平高,提示如果THA术后D-Dimer持续不降,在彩超发现DVT前,可以早期提高抗凝药物的应用,增加物理抗血栓治疗,预防DVT的发生。
综上所述,FIB,FDP和D-Dimer的动态检测在THA导致DVT的早期预防及治疗上具有临床应用价值,尤其是D-Dime对DVT具有的排除诊断价值,是诊断DVT的实验室无创伤检查的首选方法,同时可以指导临床用药,减少用药的盲目性,临床上具有较强的使用价值。
[参考文献]
[1] Lieberman JR,Geerts WH.Prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip and knee arthroplasty[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am,1994,76(8):1239-1250.
[2] Borgen PO,Dahl OE,Reikeras O.Biomarkers of coagulation and fibrinolysis during cemented total hip arthroplasty with pre-versus postoperative start of thromboprophylaxis[J].Thrombosis,2013,2013:563217.
[3] Xu Z,Shi D,Zhang C,et al.Postoperative plasma D-dimer value for predicting deep venous thrombosis following hip arthroplasty with nadroparin prophylaxis[J].Hip Int,2013,23(4):411-416.
[4] 邱贵兴,杨庆铭,余楠生,等.低分子肝素预防髋,膝关节手术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的多中心研究[J].中华骨科杂志,2007,26(12):819-822.
[5] 吕厚山,徐斌.人工关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成[J].中华骨科杂志,1999,19(3):155-156.
[6] Liew NC,Gul Y,Moissinac K.Postoperative venous thromboembolism in Asia:a critical appraisal of its incidence[J].Asian Journal of Surgery,2003,26(3):154-158.
[7] Kearon C.Natural history of venous thromboembolism[J].Circulation,2003,107(23 Suppl 1):122-130.
[8]马海梅,张会英,朱广玉,等.人工髋关节置换术围手术期凝血,抗凝活性变化[J].中华实用诊断与治疗杂志,2009,23(7):646-647.
[9] Shimoyama Y,Sawai T,Tatsumi S,et al.Perioperative risk factors for deep vein thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty[J].J Clin Anesth,2012,24(7):531-536.
[10] Green L,Lawrie AS,Patel R,et al.The effect of total hip/knee replacement surgery and prophylactic dabigatran on thrombin generation and coagulation parameters[J].Thrombosis research,2012,130(5):775-759.
[11] Blanie A,Bellamy L,Rhayem Y,et al.Duration of postoperative fibrinolysis after total hip or knee replacement:a laboratory follow-up study[J].Thrombosis research,2013,131(1):e6-e11.
[12] 白雪,杨军,王毅,等. P-选择素,D-二聚体对关节置换术后深静脉血栓早期诊断的价值[J].上海医学,2007,30(2):140-141.
[13] 邱贵兴,戴尅戎,杨庆铭,等.预防骨科大手术后深静脉血栓形成的专家建议[J].中国临床医生,2006,34(1):27-28.
[14] Rafee A,Herlikar D,Gilbert R,et al. D-Dimer in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis following total hip and knee replacement:a prospective study[J].Ann R Coll Surg Engl,2008,90(2):123-126.
(收稿日期:2014-02-08)