论文部分内容阅读
短文改错是高考题型之一,它主要考查考生学习语言、运用语言的综合能力。短文改错题型设计灵活,注重整体理解,测试考生发现、判断、纠正文章中错误的能力,限时判断材料中的正误并对错误加以改正。该题对考生的要求较高,是对考生基本功的严俊考验。那么如何做好短文改错题,结合自己的教学经验,笔者认为要想在考试中提高短文改错的成绩,除了平时打好基础外,还要做好以下几点:
一、先通读全文,把握句意,正确理解全篇含义。
二、综合运用所学语言知识,根据各行不同的错误情况分别进行答题(即改词,加词或删词)。在短文改错中常出现的错误主要有以下几类:
1、冠词:定冠词the的多用或少用,如季节,月份,星期,球类及三餐饭,称呼头衔前等不能加the的地方多用了the或same等常和the一起使用的词却漏掉了the;不定冠词a,an的混用,特别注意:hour,honesthonourable等虽然首字母不是元音字母,但其发音却是以元音音素开头,故用an,而useful,university, European等虽然首字母是元音字母,但却以辅音音素开头,故用a。如: (1)He is a honest man.(a改为an,因为honest中h不发音,直接发元音字母O的音。)
(2)、Two ladies stopped at a restaurant to have a lunch.
(a去掉。泛指一日三餐的名词前不用冠词。)
2、名词:单复数用错,可数与不可数名词的混用。如:
(1)、At the moments I travel into Nottingham every day to the shop where I work..(at the moment 是习惯短语,,moment 要用单数。)
(2)、The bookseller gave him some writing papers and a new pencil as a gift.
(papers改为paper,作为纸张paper为不可数名词。)
3、动词:时态和语态,常出现在总体时态为过去或现在时,中间杂有不适的另一时态现象;或是及物动词后无宾语,或是不及物动词加了宾语;需要接—ing形式的接了to,或相反等。如:
(1)、Many years ago I step into a bookstore for some kooks I wanted.
(step应改为stepped,因为时间状语为many years ago)
(2)、Our school sports meet was holding on Oct.6,which was a fine day.
(holding应改为held,因为运动会与举行是被动关系。)
(3)、Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was learning to express me in simple english.
(talk应改为talking,因为用了enjoy doing sth 的结构。)
4、形容词和副词:常出现需adj.的地方用了adv.或相反。关系副词where,when,why等的缺失或错用,如:
(1)、I felt very proudly of myself.
(poudly改为poud,此处要用adj.做felt的表语。
(2)、Istill remember the days we worked.
(此句we 的前面缺了关系副词when,when 在此处引导一个定语从句。)
5、介词:主要是介词的多用、少用或错用。
(1)、We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ourselves.
(此句中instead后应加of,因为instead是副词,本身不可以接名词或代词。)
(2)、The farmer was worried because of his wallet was in the pocket.
(去掉of 。because of 是短语介词,后面不接句子,而是接sth.做宾语;because是连词,后面接句子表示原因。)
6、主谓一致性:第三人称单数漏掉S或主语为复数,谓语动词用了单数;再就是就近原则和就前原则对主语的影响。
(1)、I hope everything are ok with you.
(此句中are改为is。)
(2)、The twins with Jim often goes shopping.
(with引导的属于假性主语,谓语动词goes应与the twins保持一致,应用go)
(3)、There are a book ,two pens and three pencil-boxes on the desk.
(are 应改为is,因为there be…结构中应运用就近原则。)
7、数词:主要是序数词与基数词的混用和错用,如分数的分子大于一时分母没有用复数等,基数词的复数形式如几百hundreds of,几千thansands of漏掉了S,或是当其前有具体数字或是several,a few等时加了复数,如:fivehundred;写成five hundreds。a few thousand;写成a few thousands
如: He has read hundred of novels so far.
(hundred改为 hundreds,因为hundreds/thousands/millions of 等表示不具体的数字。)
8、连词:不合句中的逻辑关系,如转折连词用了and,承接时用了but或相反等等。
(1)、The bottles were made of green glass,but they each poured themselves a glass。(but改为and,逻辑错误。)
(2)、The food was expensive and the service was good.
(and 改为but,因为表示转折关系。)
9、代词:主要是代词的格与数的错用,如男性用了女性代词,单数用了复数代词或相反,应当用形容词性物主代词用了宾格、主格或相反,关系代词的错用或缺失,如介词后不能用that而用了that,或是在“介词+关系代词”结构中漏掉了介词等。如:
(1)、Getting out of the classroom is indeed necessary for we all.
(此句中we 应改为宾格us,因为for 为介词,后应用宾格作宾语。)
(2)、I was learning to express me in simple English.
(me改为myself,因为当宾语为主语本身时,要用反身代词。)
10、常用固定短语或固定用法用错。
(1)、They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.
(eager前漏掉were ,be eager to do sth.意为“渴望做某事”,为习惯表达法。)
(2)、Charles said,“As soon I see a really tall building,I go to climb it.”
(as soon as 意为“一......就......”,为固定短语。)
三、复查答案。改完后,要回过头重读一遍全文,检查改过后是否能使语气
通顺,时态一致,合乎逻辑。特别对初改时不顺的地方仔细推敲,使答案更准确。
总之,在考试中,考生一定记住,“语法错误第一,逻辑错误第二”的原则。考生看第一遍时,先把自已很有把握的错误改过来,这样能逐渐缩小范围,为突破难题创造条件。其次在分析判断时,要从最简单的项目,如名词的数,对态及语态,主谓一致等最熟悉的项目入手,对其进行检查分析。最后才考虑那些逻辑性的错误。
一、先通读全文,把握句意,正确理解全篇含义。
二、综合运用所学语言知识,根据各行不同的错误情况分别进行答题(即改词,加词或删词)。在短文改错中常出现的错误主要有以下几类:
1、冠词:定冠词the的多用或少用,如季节,月份,星期,球类及三餐饭,称呼头衔前等不能加the的地方多用了the或same等常和the一起使用的词却漏掉了the;不定冠词a,an的混用,特别注意:hour,honesthonourable等虽然首字母不是元音字母,但其发音却是以元音音素开头,故用an,而useful,university, European等虽然首字母是元音字母,但却以辅音音素开头,故用a。如: (1)He is a honest man.(a改为an,因为honest中h不发音,直接发元音字母O的音。)
(2)、Two ladies stopped at a restaurant to have a lunch.
(a去掉。泛指一日三餐的名词前不用冠词。)
2、名词:单复数用错,可数与不可数名词的混用。如:
(1)、At the moments I travel into Nottingham every day to the shop where I work..(at the moment 是习惯短语,,moment 要用单数。)
(2)、The bookseller gave him some writing papers and a new pencil as a gift.
(papers改为paper,作为纸张paper为不可数名词。)
3、动词:时态和语态,常出现在总体时态为过去或现在时,中间杂有不适的另一时态现象;或是及物动词后无宾语,或是不及物动词加了宾语;需要接—ing形式的接了to,或相反等。如:
(1)、Many years ago I step into a bookstore for some kooks I wanted.
(step应改为stepped,因为时间状语为many years ago)
(2)、Our school sports meet was holding on Oct.6,which was a fine day.
(holding应改为held,因为运动会与举行是被动关系。)
(3)、Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was learning to express me in simple english.
(talk应改为talking,因为用了enjoy doing sth 的结构。)
4、形容词和副词:常出现需adj.的地方用了adv.或相反。关系副词where,when,why等的缺失或错用,如:
(1)、I felt very proudly of myself.
(poudly改为poud,此处要用adj.做felt的表语。
(2)、Istill remember the days we worked.
(此句we 的前面缺了关系副词when,when 在此处引导一个定语从句。)
5、介词:主要是介词的多用、少用或错用。
(1)、We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ourselves.
(此句中instead后应加of,因为instead是副词,本身不可以接名词或代词。)
(2)、The farmer was worried because of his wallet was in the pocket.
(去掉of 。because of 是短语介词,后面不接句子,而是接sth.做宾语;because是连词,后面接句子表示原因。)
6、主谓一致性:第三人称单数漏掉S或主语为复数,谓语动词用了单数;再就是就近原则和就前原则对主语的影响。
(1)、I hope everything are ok with you.
(此句中are改为is。)
(2)、The twins with Jim often goes shopping.
(with引导的属于假性主语,谓语动词goes应与the twins保持一致,应用go)
(3)、There are a book ,two pens and three pencil-boxes on the desk.
(are 应改为is,因为there be…结构中应运用就近原则。)
7、数词:主要是序数词与基数词的混用和错用,如分数的分子大于一时分母没有用复数等,基数词的复数形式如几百hundreds of,几千thansands of漏掉了S,或是当其前有具体数字或是several,a few等时加了复数,如:fivehundred;写成five hundreds。a few thousand;写成a few thousands
如: He has read hundred of novels so far.
(hundred改为 hundreds,因为hundreds/thousands/millions of 等表示不具体的数字。)
8、连词:不合句中的逻辑关系,如转折连词用了and,承接时用了but或相反等等。
(1)、The bottles were made of green glass,but they each poured themselves a glass。(but改为and,逻辑错误。)
(2)、The food was expensive and the service was good.
(and 改为but,因为表示转折关系。)
9、代词:主要是代词的格与数的错用,如男性用了女性代词,单数用了复数代词或相反,应当用形容词性物主代词用了宾格、主格或相反,关系代词的错用或缺失,如介词后不能用that而用了that,或是在“介词+关系代词”结构中漏掉了介词等。如:
(1)、Getting out of the classroom is indeed necessary for we all.
(此句中we 应改为宾格us,因为for 为介词,后应用宾格作宾语。)
(2)、I was learning to express me in simple English.
(me改为myself,因为当宾语为主语本身时,要用反身代词。)
10、常用固定短语或固定用法用错。
(1)、They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.
(eager前漏掉were ,be eager to do sth.意为“渴望做某事”,为习惯表达法。)
(2)、Charles said,“As soon I see a really tall building,I go to climb it.”
(as soon as 意为“一......就......”,为固定短语。)
三、复查答案。改完后,要回过头重读一遍全文,检查改过后是否能使语气
通顺,时态一致,合乎逻辑。特别对初改时不顺的地方仔细推敲,使答案更准确。
总之,在考试中,考生一定记住,“语法错误第一,逻辑错误第二”的原则。考生看第一遍时,先把自已很有把握的错误改过来,这样能逐渐缩小范围,为突破难题创造条件。其次在分析判断时,要从最简单的项目,如名词的数,对态及语态,主谓一致等最熟悉的项目入手,对其进行检查分析。最后才考虑那些逻辑性的错误。