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我国成人糖尿病患病率已达到12.8%。糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）患者约占糖尿病人群的1/4~1/3。而重度非增生型DR、增生型DR和糖尿病黄斑水肿（DME）等威胁视力的晚期病变患者数量估计各在数百万之多。在系统性防控糖尿病及其并发症的基础上，控制中度和高危的非增生型病变向晚期病变发展是避免糖尿病盲的重要关口。应用DR严重程度量表，有助于精确评估其严重程度、进展的高危因素、治疗效果和预后。对于威胁视力的DR患者，及早实施抗血管内皮生长因子的生物疗法，可改善病情，促进新生血管消退，但是否有可能促使无灌注区毛细血管再通，还需要更多的调研。激光光凝仍是未累及中心DME和增生型DR的主流疗法。“,”The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in adults of China has reached 12.8%. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) accounts for approximately 1/4-1/3 of the diabetic population. Several millions of people are estimated suffering the advanced stage of DR, including severe non-proliferative DR (NPDR), proliferative DR (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME), which seriously threat to the patients' vision. On the basis of systematic prevention and control of diabetes and its complications, prevention of the moderate and high-risk NPDR from progressing to the advanced stage is the final efforts to avoid diabetic blindness. The implementation of the DR severity scale is helpful to assess the severity, risk factors for its progression, treatment efficacy and prognosis. In the eyes with vision-threatening DR, early application of biotherapy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor can improve DR with regression of retinal neovascularization, but whether it is possible to induce capillary re-canalization in the non-perfusion area needs more investigation. Laser photocoagulation remains the mainstay treatment for non-center-involved DME and PDR.