一、核废物的形式及最终处置 1.问题的提出核电站生产的电能和热能,都是对人类有用的能源形式。在这种能源的生产过程中,铀燃料的成分发生变化,重元素和剩余裂变产物的含量随时间增大,其中某些元素和剩余产物的放射性危险可保持成千上万年之久。铀燃料产生的热带动气轮机发电,其发电能力经过一段运行时间后就会减小;此时,应把它从反应堆中取出,并把这种乏燃料放于水池中冷却贮存。因此,数十年后,如何处理这些乏燃料或核废物将成为问题。美国、加拿大、瑞典、联邦德国以及其它拥有核电站的国家,在过去10年里,已经发展了处置核废物的科技项目,并提出了一些方 I. Forms and Final Disposal of Nuclear Waste 1. Problem Proposal The electricity and heat produced by nuclear power plants are all forms of energy that are useful to human beings. During the production of this energy, the composition of uranium fuels changes, the contents of heavy and residual fission products increase over time, and the radiological risks of certain elements and residual products can persist for thousands of years. Tropical turbines from uranium-fired power generation will have a reduced capacity to generate electricity over a period of operation; at this point, they should be removed from the reactor and placed in pools for cooling and storage. So decades later, how to deal with these spent fuel or nuclear waste will be a problem. In the past 10 years, the United States, Canada, Sweden, the Federal Republic of Germany and other countries that own nuclear power plants have developed science and technology projects to dispose of nuclear waste and have put forward some proposals