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现在完成时是初中新课标要求考查的重点语法项目之一。学生从八年级下册开始初步结识,它是初中阶段几种基本时态中用法最为灵活的一种。很多学生由于对现在完成时的语法特点理解不透彻,经常与一般过去时及其它时态混淆不清,给学习带来了一定的困难。下面结合本人的教学实际,谈谈如何让学生轻松掌握这一语法规则,并能学以致用。
1注重讲解,使学生易于理解
现在完成时的结构是: have/has+动词的过去分词。它是一个综合性较强的时态,既涉及过去,又联系现在,甚至将来。有些学生即便是了解现在完成时的结构,但是不知道在什么时候使用,如何使用,教师在教学时感到很棘手。要让学生轻松学会使用现在完成时,教师的讲解很重要。我认为教师首先要让学生理解它的用法,可以从三个方面对现在完成时的用法进行讲解。
1.1谈论影响或结果。现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。例如:He has seen the movie.他看过这部电影(对电影的内容很熟悉);We have already cleaned the classroom.我们已经打扫了教室(教室现在很干净)。
1.2谈论经验或经历。现在完成时也可以表示过去做过某事而现在拥有了做某事的经验,或者曾经去过某地有过去某地的经历。例如:She has ever ridden a horse.她曾经骑过马(知道怎样驾驭马);I have made dumplings be fore.我曾经包过饺子(有包饺子的经验);My father has been to Tibet我父亲曾经去过西藏(有去过西藏的经历,对西藏的风俗有一定的了解);Have you ever been to New york?No,never.你曾经去过纽约吗?不,从来没去。(没有去纽约的经历,对纽约不了解)
1.3谈论延续。现在完成时还可以表示某一动作或状态从过去某个时间开始并一直持续到现在或可能继续向后延续。例如:Mr wang has lived here since 2000.自从2000年以来王先生一直住在这里(他现在还住在这里);My brother has been away from my hometown for15 years我哥哥离开家乡15年了(人还没回来);He has had the bike for2 years.他买这辆自行车2年了(自行车归他所有2年了)。在谈论延续时,必须让学生掌握以下两个方面的内容:
1.3.1since与for在用法上有差异。for连接一段时间直接表达时间的长短,如:for 2 years,for 10 months. since连接过去的时间点或引导表示过去的时间状语从句,间接表达时间长短,如:since 1982,since he came to China,since three years ago.有时这两个时间段可以互换。如:Uncle Li has worked here since five years ago(自五年前以来,李叔叔一直在这儿工作)等于说Uncle Li has worked here for five years(李叔叔在这儿工作五年了).He has taught in this school for 25 years(他在这个学校教书25年了)等于说He has taught in this school since he came here in 1985(自从1985年他来到这所学校就一直在这儿教书).
1.3.2延续性动词与瞬间动词的用法差别。现在完成时在表示动作从过去某个时候开始一直持续到现在,而与一段时间连用时应注意句中的谓语动词需要具备延续性,瞬间动词不可以和一段时间连用。
例如:他离开这家公司三年了。
误:He has left this company for 3 years.
正:He has been away from this company foy 3 years.
李雷的爷爷去世五年了。
误:Li lei's grandpa has died for five years.
正:Li lei's grandpa has been dead for five years.
不过,在否定句中瞬间动词可与一段时间连用。例如:I haven't gone to see him for several months我已好几个月没去看他了。瞬间动词与一段时间状语连用必须将其转换为可延续的词或词组。
初中常见的转换词类有以下几个:buy/get→havedie→be deadborrow/lend→keepleave→be away frombegin to study→study join→be in (be a member…) finish/end→be overopen→be opencome/go/arrive→be in/atbegin/start→be on.
另外,在教学现在完成时的时候,教师还要向学生讲解清楚现在完成时的三个常见的结构。即:have been to,have gone to 及have been in.它们的用法有很大的差异,应注意不可混用。
have been to某地,表示“过去曾经去过某地”,说话时已从该地回来或从该地去了其他地方,总之现在已不在该地,简言之“去而复归”。例如:I have been to london before我以前去过伦敦。(现在不在伦敦了)
have gone to某地,表示“到某地去了”,说话时人不在说话地点,或在去该地的途中,或已到了该地,总之现在还未回来。简言之“去而未归”。例如:Where is Li Lei?He has gone to the library.李雷在哪儿?他去读书馆了(人不在说话的地方)。
have been in表示“已在某地呆了多久”,(表示“已在小地方呆了多久,in需用at代替”),而后面跟副词时只用have been,而不可用任何介词。例如:The Greens have been in Chinafor two years.格林一家在中国已两年了。Li Lei'saunt has been at this school for ten years李雷的姑妈在这所学校十年了.Have you ever been there before你以前去过那儿吗?
注意现在完成时常与以下几个时间状语副词连用,教师一定要让学生弄清楚它们各自的用法:① already常用于现在完成时态的肯定句及肯定回答中,译为“已经”。如:My mother has already come back.我妈妈已经回来了。-Have you washed clothes?- Yes,I have already done it.你洗衣服了吗? 是的,我已经洗了。② yet常用于现在完成时的否定句和疑问句句尾,用于疑问句常译为“已经”,用于否定句常译为“尚未,还”。如:Has Mary done her homework yet?No,she hasn't done it yet.玛丽已经做家庭作业了吗?不,还没有。③before是一个不明确的过去时间状语副词,表示现在看来的“以前”,常单独用于现在完成时中,一般不与表示一段时间的词语连用。如:She has seen the movie before她以前看过这部电影。④ just常与现在完成时连用,译为“刚刚”,可用于肯定句,否定句,及疑问句中,无句型限制。如:I've just had breakfast我刚刚吃了早餐。Has she just come back?她刚回来吗?⑤ ever“曾经”,可以用于现在完成时的肯定句或疑问句中。如:Have they ever been to Wuhan他们曾去过武汉吗?My sister has ever been a volunteer.我妹妹曾当过自愿者。⑥never“从来没有”,用于现在完成时的否定句及否定回答中。如:She has never spoken to aforeigner.她从没与外国人说过话。Has Lucy ever been to Tibet?No,never.露茜曾去过西藏吗?不,从来没有去过。⑦ so far“到目前为止”及in the last/past few years“在最近几年里”,常用于表延续的现在完成时中。如:We have learned five English songs so far.到目前为止,我们已学会了五首英文歌曲。In the last few years,great changes have taken place in my hometown。在最近几年里,我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
2勤于操练,让学生在学中运用
在讲解了现在完成时的用法后,教师可以结合实际精编细选一些与现在完成时有关的题型让学生进行练习,以达到在用中学,学中用,学以致用的目的。
2.1将下列句子译成英语:①我们已经吃了午餐。②你们曾坐火车旅行过吗?③他的奶奶去世五年了。④你的哥哥在哪儿?他到西安去了,他要到后天才回来。⑤自这家工厂开办以来她一直在这儿工作。⑥到目前为止,他已写了十部小说。
2.2用just,already, yet,never,evebefore填空。
A:Have youbeen to Guilin?
B:No,I havebeen there.Jack hascome back from Guilin. He likes it very much.He says he hasseen such beautiful scenery before.
A:Have you seen him?
B:Yes,I haveseen him.
2.3用since,for,so far填空。①How many English words have you learnedyou began to learn English?②I have known himfive years.③Has our country sent man——made satellites in to space?④She has lived in Americaten years ago.⑤Mr Wang has taught math15 years.
3拓展升华,让学生融会贯通
由于现在完成时的动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响,因此现在完成时与一般过去时有着必然的联系,但又有本质的区别。学生在学习现在完成时的时候极容易与一般过去时混淆,教师一定要让学生弄清楚它们之间的区别。
3.1侧重点不同。现在完成时是与现在有关的时态,属于现在时态范畴,它侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响,而一般过去时是一种过去时态,侧重于表达过去的动作,与现在无关。例如:Yesterday I went to the zoo我昨天去了动物园(仅说明昨天去了动物园,与现在无关);Li Lei has read the book 李雷已看过那本书。(“看”发生在过去,但对现在造成的影响是李雷了解那本书的内容)。
3.2连用的时间状语不同。一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday,last week,two days ago, in2003,just now等。而现在完成时不与表示过去的时间状语连用,若对现在完成时中的动作发生的时间提问,则应转为一般过去时态。例如:
A:Have you seen the movie?你看过这部电影吗?
B:Yes,I have 看过。
A:When did you see it?什么时候看的?
B:Last Sunday 上个星期天。
3.3现在完成时的句子有时可以与一般过去时及一般现在时的句子互相转换。如:My grandfather has been dead for 2 years(我爷爷去世两年了)也可以转为以下同义句。①My grandfather died 2 years ago.②It's 2 years since my grandfather died.③It has been 2 years since my grandfather died.④Two years has passed since my grandfather died.
4拓展练习
4.1将下列句子译成英文,一句多译。①周先生到美国去五年了。②那家工厂开办十年了。③他哥哥参军三年了。④我上周买了一本英汉词典。⑤这部电视剧已开始半小时了。
4.2单项选择。
(1) Tim alot of friends since he came to Dalian.
A:madeB:makesC:is makingD:has made
(2) -Shall we go to see the movie tonight?-Sorry I won't. Iit twice.
A:will seeB: seeC:sawD:have seen
(3) -Hi Lily,You look tired. What's the mather?-Iwell last night.
A:didn't sleep B:don't sleep
C:haven't slept D:won't sleep
(4) -Have you ever been to Nanjin?-Yes,Ithere four months ago.
A:have beenB:have goneC:had beenD:went
(5) -Is that Wu Dong speking?-Sorry,she isn't in now. she the cinema with her dad.
A:has been toB:has gone to
C:have been to D:have gone to
(6) -How long have you?-Since 2007.
A:bought the sweaterB:joined the club
C:lived in the townD:become a football player
(7) The plane for twenty minutes.
A:leftB:has leftC:is leavingD:has been away
(8) Her auntfor 2 years.
A:diedB:has diedC:has been deadD:is dying
1注重讲解,使学生易于理解
现在完成时的结构是: have/has+动词的过去分词。它是一个综合性较强的时态,既涉及过去,又联系现在,甚至将来。有些学生即便是了解现在完成时的结构,但是不知道在什么时候使用,如何使用,教师在教学时感到很棘手。要让学生轻松学会使用现在完成时,教师的讲解很重要。我认为教师首先要让学生理解它的用法,可以从三个方面对现在完成时的用法进行讲解。
1.1谈论影响或结果。现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。例如:He has seen the movie.他看过这部电影(对电影的内容很熟悉);We have already cleaned the classroom.我们已经打扫了教室(教室现在很干净)。
1.2谈论经验或经历。现在完成时也可以表示过去做过某事而现在拥有了做某事的经验,或者曾经去过某地有过去某地的经历。例如:She has ever ridden a horse.她曾经骑过马(知道怎样驾驭马);I have made dumplings be fore.我曾经包过饺子(有包饺子的经验);My father has been to Tibet我父亲曾经去过西藏(有去过西藏的经历,对西藏的风俗有一定的了解);Have you ever been to New york?No,never.你曾经去过纽约吗?不,从来没去。(没有去纽约的经历,对纽约不了解)
1.3谈论延续。现在完成时还可以表示某一动作或状态从过去某个时间开始并一直持续到现在或可能继续向后延续。例如:Mr wang has lived here since 2000.自从2000年以来王先生一直住在这里(他现在还住在这里);My brother has been away from my hometown for15 years我哥哥离开家乡15年了(人还没回来);He has had the bike for2 years.他买这辆自行车2年了(自行车归他所有2年了)。在谈论延续时,必须让学生掌握以下两个方面的内容:
1.3.1since与for在用法上有差异。for连接一段时间直接表达时间的长短,如:for 2 years,for 10 months. since连接过去的时间点或引导表示过去的时间状语从句,间接表达时间长短,如:since 1982,since he came to China,since three years ago.有时这两个时间段可以互换。如:Uncle Li has worked here since five years ago(自五年前以来,李叔叔一直在这儿工作)等于说Uncle Li has worked here for five years(李叔叔在这儿工作五年了).He has taught in this school for 25 years(他在这个学校教书25年了)等于说He has taught in this school since he came here in 1985(自从1985年他来到这所学校就一直在这儿教书).
1.3.2延续性动词与瞬间动词的用法差别。现在完成时在表示动作从过去某个时候开始一直持续到现在,而与一段时间连用时应注意句中的谓语动词需要具备延续性,瞬间动词不可以和一段时间连用。
例如:他离开这家公司三年了。
误:He has left this company for 3 years.
正:He has been away from this company foy 3 years.
李雷的爷爷去世五年了。
误:Li lei's grandpa has died for five years.
正:Li lei's grandpa has been dead for five years.
不过,在否定句中瞬间动词可与一段时间连用。例如:I haven't gone to see him for several months我已好几个月没去看他了。瞬间动词与一段时间状语连用必须将其转换为可延续的词或词组。
初中常见的转换词类有以下几个:buy/get→havedie→be deadborrow/lend→keepleave→be away frombegin to study→study join→be in (be a member…) finish/end→be overopen→be opencome/go/arrive→be in/atbegin/start→be on.
另外,在教学现在完成时的时候,教师还要向学生讲解清楚现在完成时的三个常见的结构。即:have been to,have gone to 及have been in.它们的用法有很大的差异,应注意不可混用。
have been to某地,表示“过去曾经去过某地”,说话时已从该地回来或从该地去了其他地方,总之现在已不在该地,简言之“去而复归”。例如:I have been to london before我以前去过伦敦。(现在不在伦敦了)
have gone to某地,表示“到某地去了”,说话时人不在说话地点,或在去该地的途中,或已到了该地,总之现在还未回来。简言之“去而未归”。例如:Where is Li Lei?He has gone to the library.李雷在哪儿?他去读书馆了(人不在说话的地方)。
have been in表示“已在某地呆了多久”,(表示“已在小地方呆了多久,in需用at代替”),而后面跟副词时只用have been,而不可用任何介词。例如:The Greens have been in Chinafor two years.格林一家在中国已两年了。Li Lei'saunt has been at this school for ten years李雷的姑妈在这所学校十年了.Have you ever been there before你以前去过那儿吗?
注意现在完成时常与以下几个时间状语副词连用,教师一定要让学生弄清楚它们各自的用法:① already常用于现在完成时态的肯定句及肯定回答中,译为“已经”。如:My mother has already come back.我妈妈已经回来了。-Have you washed clothes?- Yes,I have already done it.你洗衣服了吗? 是的,我已经洗了。② yet常用于现在完成时的否定句和疑问句句尾,用于疑问句常译为“已经”,用于否定句常译为“尚未,还”。如:Has Mary done her homework yet?No,she hasn't done it yet.玛丽已经做家庭作业了吗?不,还没有。③before是一个不明确的过去时间状语副词,表示现在看来的“以前”,常单独用于现在完成时中,一般不与表示一段时间的词语连用。如:She has seen the movie before她以前看过这部电影。④ just常与现在完成时连用,译为“刚刚”,可用于肯定句,否定句,及疑问句中,无句型限制。如:I've just had breakfast我刚刚吃了早餐。Has she just come back?她刚回来吗?⑤ ever“曾经”,可以用于现在完成时的肯定句或疑问句中。如:Have they ever been to Wuhan他们曾去过武汉吗?My sister has ever been a volunteer.我妹妹曾当过自愿者。⑥never“从来没有”,用于现在完成时的否定句及否定回答中。如:She has never spoken to aforeigner.她从没与外国人说过话。Has Lucy ever been to Tibet?No,never.露茜曾去过西藏吗?不,从来没有去过。⑦ so far“到目前为止”及in the last/past few years“在最近几年里”,常用于表延续的现在完成时中。如:We have learned five English songs so far.到目前为止,我们已学会了五首英文歌曲。In the last few years,great changes have taken place in my hometown。在最近几年里,我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
2勤于操练,让学生在学中运用
在讲解了现在完成时的用法后,教师可以结合实际精编细选一些与现在完成时有关的题型让学生进行练习,以达到在用中学,学中用,学以致用的目的。
2.1将下列句子译成英语:①我们已经吃了午餐。②你们曾坐火车旅行过吗?③他的奶奶去世五年了。④你的哥哥在哪儿?他到西安去了,他要到后天才回来。⑤自这家工厂开办以来她一直在这儿工作。⑥到目前为止,他已写了十部小说。
2.2用just,already, yet,never,evebefore填空。
A:Have youbeen to Guilin?
B:No,I havebeen there.Jack hascome back from Guilin. He likes it very much.He says he hasseen such beautiful scenery before.
A:Have you seen him?
B:Yes,I haveseen him.
2.3用since,for,so far填空。①How many English words have you learnedyou began to learn English?②I have known himfive years.③Has our country sent man——made satellites in to space?④She has lived in Americaten years ago.⑤Mr Wang has taught math15 years.
3拓展升华,让学生融会贯通
由于现在完成时的动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响,因此现在完成时与一般过去时有着必然的联系,但又有本质的区别。学生在学习现在完成时的时候极容易与一般过去时混淆,教师一定要让学生弄清楚它们之间的区别。
3.1侧重点不同。现在完成时是与现在有关的时态,属于现在时态范畴,它侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响,而一般过去时是一种过去时态,侧重于表达过去的动作,与现在无关。例如:Yesterday I went to the zoo我昨天去了动物园(仅说明昨天去了动物园,与现在无关);Li Lei has read the book 李雷已看过那本书。(“看”发生在过去,但对现在造成的影响是李雷了解那本书的内容)。
3.2连用的时间状语不同。一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday,last week,two days ago, in2003,just now等。而现在完成时不与表示过去的时间状语连用,若对现在完成时中的动作发生的时间提问,则应转为一般过去时态。例如:
A:Have you seen the movie?你看过这部电影吗?
B:Yes,I have 看过。
A:When did you see it?什么时候看的?
B:Last Sunday 上个星期天。
3.3现在完成时的句子有时可以与一般过去时及一般现在时的句子互相转换。如:My grandfather has been dead for 2 years(我爷爷去世两年了)也可以转为以下同义句。①My grandfather died 2 years ago.②It's 2 years since my grandfather died.③It has been 2 years since my grandfather died.④Two years has passed since my grandfather died.
4拓展练习
4.1将下列句子译成英文,一句多译。①周先生到美国去五年了。②那家工厂开办十年了。③他哥哥参军三年了。④我上周买了一本英汉词典。⑤这部电视剧已开始半小时了。
4.2单项选择。
(1) Tim alot of friends since he came to Dalian.
A:madeB:makesC:is makingD:has made
(2) -Shall we go to see the movie tonight?-Sorry I won't. Iit twice.
A:will seeB: seeC:sawD:have seen
(3) -Hi Lily,You look tired. What's the mather?-Iwell last night.
A:didn't sleep B:don't sleep
C:haven't slept D:won't sleep
(4) -Have you ever been to Nanjin?-Yes,Ithere four months ago.
A:have beenB:have goneC:had beenD:went
(5) -Is that Wu Dong speking?-Sorry,she isn't in now. she the cinema with her dad.
A:has been toB:has gone to
C:have been to D:have gone to
(6) -How long have you?-Since 2007.
A:bought the sweaterB:joined the club
C:lived in the townD:become a football player
(7) The plane for twenty minutes.
A:leftB:has leftC:is leavingD:has been away
(8) Her auntfor 2 years.
A:diedB:has diedC:has been deadD:is dying