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线索农奴制度的废除和 1861年改革。原因外因:克里米亚战争中的失败暴露了农奴制俄国的腐败和无能。内因:俄国资本主义有缓慢的发展,农奴制度成为资本主义发展的障碍。俄国农奴制度已经危机四伏(农奴的处境日益恶化,生活极端困苦,农民运动发展起来)。方式:是一场“自上而下的资产阶级性质的改革”。农奴制的废除时间:1861年3月3日(俄历2月19日)。沙皇亚历山大二世签署了废除农奴制度的法令。内容:农奴在法律上成为“自由”的人,但对地主的经济依附关系依然存在。农民要交付高额赎金,才能得到少量份地。
The abolition of the clue serf system and the 1861 reform. Reasons External causes: The failure in the war in Crimea exposed the corruption and incompetence of serfdom in Russia. Internal Cause: There has been a slow development of Russian capitalism and the serf system has become an obstacle to the development of capitalism. The system of serfdom in Russia has been tremendous (Serious deterioration of the serfdom, extreme hardships in life, and the development of the peasant movement). Ways: It is a “top-down bourgeois reform”. The abolition of serfdom Time: March 3, 1861 (February 19). Tsar Alexander II signed a decree to abolish serfdom. Content: Serfs become legally “free” people, but the economic attachment to landlords still exists. Peasants have to pay a large amount of ransom in order to get a small amount of land.