刘易斯·芒福德是20世纪最著名的社会有机主义(social organicism)的倡导者之一,他把古典的、中世纪的和现代的有机思想的许多支流汇编成了一个复杂的整体。在其职业生涯中,他强调家庭和邻里在有机社会生活中不可分割的重要作用。同时,他认为理想社会包含了一种平衡的、“有机的”关系,这种平衡和有机不仅包含自然环境,也包含物质和技术设备。在广义的术语上来说,芒福德试图通过考虑个人、地方和区域自治,竞争势力的多元化,以及历史发展的可能性,来界定社会有机主义的形式,以避开左派分子和自由主义者对社会有机主义思想毁灭性的批评:那就是说,如果假定在集体利益优先于个体,将不可避免地导致一个错误的标准化社会,其主要特征是中央集权政府、保守不变和阶级分化。简言之,即保守主义和法西斯主义的复辟。通常来说,由于芒福德的理论经历了广泛的批评和修正,他突破了已有的社会有机主义思想束缚。如果说有的话,其社会理论面临 Lewis Mumford, one of the most famous advocates of social organicism in the 20th century, compiled many of the tributaries of classical, medieval, and modern organic thought into a complex one. In his career, he emphasized the indivisibility of the family and its neighbors in the organic life of the community. At the same time, he believes that ideal society contains a balanced, “organic” relationship that contains not only the natural environment but also the material and technological equipment. In broad terms, Mumford attempts to define the form of socioculturalism by considering the individual, local and regional autonomy, the multiplicity of competitive forces, and the possibility of historical development to circumvent the leftists and liberals That is to say, if one assumes that collective interests take precedence over individuals, it will inevitably lead to a wrongly standardized society whose main features are centralized government, conservativeness and class differentiation. In short, the restoration of conservatism and fascism. Generally, as Mumford’s theory has undergone extensive criticism and revision, he has broken the shackles of the existing social organicism. If anything, its social theory is facing