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白垩纪是地质历史中的一个极其特殊的时期,介于侏罗纪和古近纪之间,是中生代最后一个纪。白垩纪得名于这一时期欧洲海底沉积物中有大量的白垩层。无论是无机界还是有机界在白垩纪都经历了重要变革,发生了众多重大地质事件:如地球上海陆分布和生物界急剧变化,冈瓦纳大陆裂解,欧亚大陆增生,新特提斯洋盆关闭,大西洋和印度洋形成,火山活动频繁,许多无脊椎动物和恐龙等脊椎动物灭绝。其中,全球性海平面变化、富有机质的黑色页岩的全球性分布、全球性碳酸盐台地的沉没以及全球性火山作用和与之相关的极端温室气候、碳旋回等地学现象一直是近几十年来地学界关注的热点。因此,白垩纪被认为是地史时期地球系统研究的典型范例时期。
The Cretaceous is a very special period in the geological history, between the Jurassic and Paleogene, which is the last record of the Mesozoic. Cretaceous was named in this period of European seabed sediments have a lot of chalk layer. In the Cretaceous period, both the inorganic and organic circles underwent major changes and many major geological events occurred. For example, the continental distribution of land and the dramatic changes in the biological world, the fragmentation of the Gondwanaland, the Eurasian continent, the Neo-Tethys Ocean Basin closure, formation of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, volcanic activity is frequent, many vertebrates such as invertebrates and dinosaurs extinct. Among them, the global sea level change, the global distribution of organic-rich black shale, the sinking of the global carbonate platform, and the global volcanism and related extreme greenhouse climate, carbon cycling and other geology phenomena have been the most recent Ten years to pay attention to the hot spots in academia. Therefore, the Cretaceous is considered to be a typical paradigm of earth system studies in geodesy period.