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政治经济学作为一门独立的科学,是在资本主义经济产生和发展的基础上建立起来的。而亚当·斯密的《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》(以下简称《国富论》)正是这个理论大厦建立的明显标志。斯密在《国富论》中,提出了自由经营、自由竞争和自由放任的市场经济模式。他认为,资本主义经济在完全的自由竞争中由一只看不见的手调节,就可以自行达到均衡,不间断地向前发展,从而对资本主义经济的运行第一次作出了全面而系统的论证。在这个过程中,他也对18世纪末期的中国作了论述。
Political economy, as an independent science, was established on the basis of the emergence and development of capitalist economy. Adam Smith's “study of the nature and causes of the national wealth” (hereinafter referred to as “Wealth of Nations”) is a clear symbol of the establishment of this theoretical building. In “The Wealth of Nations”, Smith put forward the market economy mode of free management, free competition and laissez-faire. In his opinion, the capitalist economy, with complete free competition adjusted by an invisible hand, can achieve a balanced and continuous development on its own, and for the first time made a comprehensive and systematic study of the operation of the capitalist economy Argument In the process, he also made a remark about China in the late 18th century.