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本文以9个不同熟期玉米品种为试验材料,于2014和2015年在哈尔滨市开展田间试验,研究不同熟期玉米品种干物质积累、分配与转运特征,为玉米全程机械化生产合理选用品种提供依据。结果表明:品种熟期越长,其穗粒数与产量越高,但中早熟品种与中晚熟品种产量差异不显著;品种熟期越长,其花前与花后干物质积累量越多,中早熟与中晚熟品种花后干物质积累量差异不显著;成熟期干物质主要分配在籽粒,各器官所占比重依次为籽粒>茎>叶>穗轴>苞叶>叶鞘;中早熟品种收获指数最高,比极早熟和中晚熟品种高4个百分点;不同营养器官其花后干物质转运量不同,3种熟期品种仅叶片有稳定的干物质输出,极早熟品种叶鞘干物质没有转运,中早熟和中晚熟品种叶鞘不同年度间均有少量干物质输出;3种熟期类型品种花后干物质积累率在56%~69%,花后物质积累对籽粒产量贡献率高达89%~98%。可见,在哈尔滨地区,无论是极早熟品种、中早熟品种还是中晚熟品种,玉米产量的形成主要依靠花后同化物积累,而非营养器官的物质转运;花前、花后干物质积累量与出苗至吐丝期间≥10℃有效积温呈显著正相关,与吐丝至成熟期间≥10℃有效积温呈显著负相关。
In this paper, nine maize cultivars with different maturity dates were used as experimental materials to conduct field experiments in Harbin in 2014 and 2015 to study the characteristics of dry matter accumulation, distribution and translocation in maize varieties at different maturities, which provided the basis for the rational selection of maize varieties . The results showed that the longer the maturity of cultivars, the higher the number of grains per spike and the yield were, but there was no significant difference between the yield of middle-late maturing varieties and middle maturing varieties. The longer the maturity of cultivars, the more the dry matter accumulation before and after anthesis, There was no significant difference in dry matter accumulation between middle-late-maturing and middle-late maturing varieties. The dry matter was mainly distributed in the grains at maturity, and the proportions of organs were as follows: grain> stem> leaf> cob> husk> leaf sheath; The index was the highest, 4% higher than that of the very early maturity and the middle and late maturing varieties. The dry matter translocation in different vegetative organs was different after the anthesis, the dry matter output of leaves of three mature cultivars was stable, Medium and late-maturing varieties of leaf sheaths had a small amount of dry matter output in different years; the accumulation rate of dry matter in the three mature varieties was 56% -69%, and the post-anthesis material accumulation contributed 89% -98% of the grain yield %. It can be seen that in Harbin, whether it is very early maturing varieties, middle-early maturing varieties or middle-late maturing varieties, the formation of maize yield relies mainly on the accumulation of floral assimilates rather than the transport of nutrients from vegetative organs. The pre-anthesis, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and There was a significant positive correlation between the effective accumulated temperature of ≥10 ℃ and the effective accumulated temperature of ≥10 ℃ during the period of emergence to maturity.