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监管影响分析制度是由特定的监管机构对现行或拟议监管措施已经产生或可能产生的积极影响和消极影响进行系统分析与评估的程序机制。美国是世界上第一个采用监管影响分析制度的国家,其通过一系列的行政命令和国会立法,确立了监管影响分析的法律框架,逐步完善了相关的实施机制。这些实施机制包括监管影响分析的适用范围、分析方法、替代性方案的评估、成本与收益的估算、审查机关及审查程序等。尽管监管影响分析制度因存在成本收益分析的高度不确定性、重要的非经济价值容易被低估等缺陷而受到美国学界的质疑,但其对于形成“理性监管”的监管文化起到了巨大的推动作用,在一定程度上促进了监管质量的提高,改进了政府的可问责性。
The regulatory impact analysis system is a procedural mechanism by which a particular regulatory body systematically analyzes and evaluates the positive and negative impacts that existing or proposed regulatory measures have or may have. The United States is the first country in the world to adopt a regulatory impact analysis system. Through a series of executive orders and parliamentary legislation, the United States has established the legal framework for the regulatory impact analysis and gradually perfected the relevant implementation mechanism. These implementation mechanisms include the scope of application of regulatory impact analysis, analytical methods, assessment of alternatives, cost and benefit estimates, review agencies and review procedures. Although the regulatory impact analysis system has been questioned by the American academic circle for its high uncertainty of cost-benefit analysis and its significant non-economic value being easily underestimated, it has played a huge role in forming a regulatory culture of “rational regulation” To promote the role, to some extent, promoted the improvement of the quality of supervision, and improved the accountability of the government.