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Soil is essential to human life and society, as soil is crucial to agricultural production, climate mitigation, water purification and many other functions.Soil is also connected with human health and nutritional security.It is projected that by 2050 global population will be 50％ greater than at present and the global demand for food will have doubled.With the current challenges of combating soil degradation and decreasing land area for food production, securing global food production and producing healthy food is of paramount importance.Strategic soil management in agricultural systems is necessary to promote soil health to achieve a proper balance between food production and environment.Soil health goes far beyond soil science itself, and it requires multidisciplinary and cutting-edge knowledge in biology, physics, chemistry and many other areas.This special issue focuses on the advances in our understanding of soil health, particularly from the perspective of soil microbiome.A holistic view on soil health assessment and proper management sustainable soil management is also included.The issue consists of 7 reviews and 4 research articles covering a wide range of topics on the novel indicators, approaches for soil health assessment, mitigation of soil pollutants, soil microbiome and plant health, strategies to improve soil health for sustainable soil management.