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Toll样受体(Toll like receptor，TLR)是一种广泛表达于机体内的模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor，PRR)，在免疫反应中可以帮助识别并清除体内病原微生物。近年来，随着对TLR不断的深入研究，可溶性TLR(soluble TLR，sTLR)在越来越多的体液中被发现。sTLR与TLR胞外域结构高度同源，可与跨膜TLR竞争配体。sTLR作为TLR的负反馈调节途径之一，在疾病发生，发展及预后中发挥了重要的作用。sTLR2、sTLR4是近年来研究较多的sTLR，二者表达水平的变化可引起感染性疾病的加重并影响自身免疫性疾病的发生发展。现就sTLR的产生、激活与在感染性及自身免疫性疾病中的作用，以及对疾病诊疗、预后的应用进行了介绍与总结。“,”Toll like receptor(TLR) is a pattern recognition receptor(PRR) widely expressed in the body, which can help to identify and eliminate pathogenic microorganisms in the immune responses. In recent years, accumulating evidence has shown that soluble TLR(sTLR) can be detected in different body fluids. As one of the negative-feedback regulating pathways of TLR, sTLR has a great impact on occurrence, development and prognosis of certain diseases. Especially as being the most studied sTLR, sTLR2 and sTLR4 are confirmed to be able to exacerbate severity of infectious diseases and affect development of autoimmune diseases. This review describes the production and activation of sTLR and their role in infectious and autoimmune diseases, and also discusses the application of sTLR in the disease diagnosis and prognosis.