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临洮县第三中学 倒装（Inversion）是一种语法手段,用以强调一定句子结构或某一句子成分,英语句子的倒装有两种情况,一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。此用法在近几年的高考题中频频出现，是高考的热点 ，为此，笔者对此用法进行了分析和总结，以便学生能全面理解，准确应用。
倒装句的分类
由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装有两种,将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装（Complete Inversion）。 只将谓语动词的一部分如be, have, 助动词、情态动词等移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装（Partial Inversion）。
（一）完全倒装（Complete Inversion）
1.当句首是here/there/in/up/down/on/out/back/then /away /off /over 等表示地点,时间,方位的副词,而谓语动词rush/run/come/go/ fly等不及物动词时,用全部倒装结构,此时的谓语动词不需要助动词。
如:South of the river lies a small factory.
Out rushed the children.
Away went the boy.
但如果主语是代词时,则谓语不倒装。Here you are. There she comes.
2.表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。如:On the wall hang two large portraits.
3. 当such 置于句首时.Such are the facts, no one can deny them. 其中such当作表语.
4.直接引语的部分或全部位于句首时,点明说话人的部分主谓语要倒装。“What are you doing?”asked she .
5.在某些表示祝愿的句子中。如:Long live our great country!伟大的祖国万岁!
（二）部分倒装（Partial Inversion）
1.否定或否定意义的副词或介词置于句首时,引起部分倒装结构,常见的词有little/never/not/seldom/no longer/nowhere/hardly/in no way/in no time/ by no means等
Not a sing mistake did he make.
Never have I been to Beijing.
2. not only...（but also）...位于句首引导两个分句时,前一个分句中的主谓要采用部分倒装,第二个分句则不倒装。如:
The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only___, but students became more interested in the lessons.
A. saved was teachers’ energy B. was teachers’ energy saved
C. teachers’ energy was saved D. was saved teachers’ energy
答案是B （2009年全国I 卷）
Not only was she my mother , but also she was my best friend.
3. only修饰的状语（副词、介词短语或状语从句）位于句首时。如
Only in this way can you learn English well.
Only when I left my parents for Italy____ how much I loved them.
A.I realized B. I had realized C. had I realized D. did I realize
（答案是D 2008年重庆26）
但only修饰主语时,则不倒装。如:Only the teacher has the right to do that.
4. not until位于句首时,只有主句用倒装,until引导的从句不倒装。如:Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.
Not until he returned did we have supper.
5.在no sooner...than..., hardly /scarcely/barely... when...
等结构中,前面部分位于句首时,其后的分句要部分倒装（谓语用过去完成时）。如:No sooner had he finished his talk than he was surrounded by the workers.
No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
6. so/neither/nor开头的句子,说明前面的内容也适用于后者时,用倒装句“so/neither/nor + be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语”。如;
A -- Tom is lazy.
B -- So is Peter .
但同意对方的看法,表示“是的、确实”之意时,用“so+主语+be/have/助动词/情态动词”句式,即主谓不倒装。如:
A -- It is hot today. B -- So it is.
7. as/though引导让步状语从句时,可将谓语部分的形容词/名词/动词等提到句首,采用部分倒装。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词,其前不加冠词。如:Child as he is, he can speak four foreign languages.
Try ------- she might, Sue could not get the door open.
A. if B. when C. since D. as
答案是D （2011新课标 全国I 22 .）
Harsh ——his words may be ,they will do us a lot of good .
A. although B. even if C. as D. now that
答案是C （2010 四川 自贡 三诊）
8.在so/such...that...结构中,so/such及其修饰部分位于句首时,主句要用部分倒装。
如:So sudden __ that the enemy had no time to escape.
A. did the attack B. the attack did C. was the attack
D. the attack was （2009年山东卷。答案是C）
So clearly does she speak English that she can always make herself understood.
9.在含有were/had/should虚拟条件句中,省去if,把were/had/should提前。如:
Had you come here yesterday, you would have seen him.
Were time to go back, I would work double hard.
10 .neither …nor…置于句首时, 由于这两个词都是否定词，所以以后的句子均需倒装。
Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it .
11. 在某些表示祝愿的句子中。
如:May God bless you ! May you succeed! May you be happy!
倒装句的分类
由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装有两种,将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装（Complete Inversion）。 只将谓语动词的一部分如be, have, 助动词、情态动词等移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装（Partial Inversion）。
（一）完全倒装（Complete Inversion）
1.当句首是here/there/in/up/down/on/out/back/then /away /off /over 等表示地点,时间,方位的副词,而谓语动词rush/run/come/go/ fly等不及物动词时,用全部倒装结构,此时的谓语动词不需要助动词。
如:South of the river lies a small factory.
Out rushed the children.
Away went the boy.
但如果主语是代词时,则谓语不倒装。Here you are. There she comes.
2.表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。如:On the wall hang two large portraits.
3. 当such 置于句首时.Such are the facts, no one can deny them. 其中such当作表语.
4.直接引语的部分或全部位于句首时,点明说话人的部分主谓语要倒装。“What are you doing?”asked she .
5.在某些表示祝愿的句子中。如:Long live our great country!伟大的祖国万岁!
（二）部分倒装（Partial Inversion）
1.否定或否定意义的副词或介词置于句首时,引起部分倒装结构,常见的词有little/never/not/seldom/no longer/nowhere/hardly/in no way/in no time/ by no means等
Not a sing mistake did he make.
Never have I been to Beijing.
2. not only...（but also）...位于句首引导两个分句时,前一个分句中的主谓要采用部分倒装,第二个分句则不倒装。如:
The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only___, but students became more interested in the lessons.
A. saved was teachers’ energy B. was teachers’ energy saved
C. teachers’ energy was saved D. was saved teachers’ energy
答案是B （2009年全国I 卷）
Not only was she my mother , but also she was my best friend.
3. only修饰的状语（副词、介词短语或状语从句）位于句首时。如
Only in this way can you learn English well.
Only when I left my parents for Italy____ how much I loved them.
A.I realized B. I had realized C. had I realized D. did I realize
（答案是D 2008年重庆26）
但only修饰主语时,则不倒装。如:Only the teacher has the right to do that.
4. not until位于句首时,只有主句用倒装,until引导的从句不倒装。如:Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.
Not until he returned did we have supper.
5.在no sooner...than..., hardly /scarcely/barely... when...
等结构中,前面部分位于句首时,其后的分句要部分倒装（谓语用过去完成时）。如:No sooner had he finished his talk than he was surrounded by the workers.
No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
6. so/neither/nor开头的句子,说明前面的内容也适用于后者时,用倒装句“so/neither/nor + be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语”。如;
A -- Tom is lazy.
B -- So is Peter .
但同意对方的看法,表示“是的、确实”之意时,用“so+主语+be/have/助动词/情态动词”句式,即主谓不倒装。如:
A -- It is hot today. B -- So it is.
7. as/though引导让步状语从句时,可将谓语部分的形容词/名词/动词等提到句首,采用部分倒装。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词,其前不加冠词。如:Child as he is, he can speak four foreign languages.
Try ------- she might, Sue could not get the door open.
A. if B. when C. since D. as
答案是D （2011新课标 全国I 22 .）
Harsh ——his words may be ,they will do us a lot of good .
A. although B. even if C. as D. now that
答案是C （2010 四川 自贡 三诊）
8.在so/such...that...结构中,so/such及其修饰部分位于句首时,主句要用部分倒装。
如:So sudden __ that the enemy had no time to escape.
A. did the attack B. the attack did C. was the attack
D. the attack was （2009年山东卷。答案是C）
So clearly does she speak English that she can always make herself understood.
9.在含有were/had/should虚拟条件句中,省去if,把were/had/should提前。如:
Had you come here yesterday, you would have seen him.
Were time to go back, I would work double hard.
10 .neither …nor…置于句首时, 由于这两个词都是否定词，所以以后的句子均需倒装。
Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it .
11. 在某些表示祝愿的句子中。
如:May God bless you ! May you succeed! May you be happy!