一、引言正如庞德所言,确定事实是司法上由来已久和最难解决的问题之一。在人类司法史上,人们曾设计出各种各样的查明案件事实的方法。在古代神示证据制度中,事实裁判者根据神的启示判案。在盛行于中世纪后期的法定证据制度中,立法者明确规定每种证据证明力的大小,如果起诉方提供的证据加在一起可以构成一个完整的证明,事实裁判者就必须作出有罪判决,否则,就必须作出无罪判决。在近现代各国实行的自由心证制度中,没有什么僵硬的有关证据证明力的规则限制事实裁判者的心证,他们可以根据自己的良知、理性和经验评判 I. INTRODUCTION As Pound said, identifying facts is one of the most long-standing and most difficult issues in the administration of justice. In the history of human justice, people have devised various ways of ascertaining the facts of the case. In the ancient system of evidence of Godhead, the factual judge judged the case based on God’s revelation. In the legal evidence system prevalently prevailed in the late Middle Ages, the legislature clearly stipulated the size of each proof of evidence. If the evidence provided by the prosecution can be combined to form a complete proof, the factual judge must make a guilty verdict. Otherwise, You must make a verdict of innocence. In the system of free evaluation of evidence practiced in all modern countries, there is no rigid rule of proof that limits the testimony of fact-judges who can judge according to their own conscience, reason and experience