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过去分词即动词的-ed形式。从时间关系上看，强调动作已完成；从主被动关系上看，强调动作被做。过去分词兼具动词、形容词和副词的功能，在句中可以充当表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。
[基本用法]
1. 作表语
过去分词作表语时，主要表示主语的特征或状态。如：
He looked disappointed after he lost the match.
过去分词与动词的被动语态形式相同，但强调的重点不同。如：
Don’t choose that bicycle because it is broken.
不要选那辆自行车，因为它是坏的。（过去分词作表语）
The bicycle was broken in an accident.
自行车是在一次事故中被损坏的。（被动语态）
这类作表语的过去分词在词典中许多已被标注为形容词，如disappointed，interested，broken，pleased，surprised，tired，qualified，known等。
2. 作定语
单个的过去分词通常作前置定语，强调动作已完成。如：
All the fallen leaves have been cleared away. （fallen强调已完成“落下”）
The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital. （injured强调被动“被伤害”）
过去分词短语通常作后置定语，可与定语从句互换。如：
The suggestion made by the foreign expert （=which was made by the foreign expert） was adopted by the manager.
He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London（=which was polluted by the dirty water from London）.
3. 作状语
过去分词作状语，与主句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式等等，并可与相应的状语从句或并列句互换。
表示时间。如：
Shown around the library （=After students were shown around the library）， students were taken to the dining hall.
Seen from the top of the tower （=When the village is seen from the top of the tower）， the village looks more beautiful.
表示原因。如：
Deeply inspired by his speech （=Because we were inspired by his speech）， we decided to achieve our own dreams to the best of our ability.
表示條件。如：
Given one more chance （=If I am given one more chance）， I will finish the work faster and better.
表示让步。如：
Trained ten hours a day （=Even if he is trained ten hours a day）， he will still be a fool.
Warned of the danger （=Although he was warned of the danger）， he still skated on the thin ice.
表示方式或伴随。如：
The teacher walked into the classroom， followed by a group of students（=and was followed by a group of students）.
Seated at the table， my father and I were talking about my job（=My father and I were seated at the table and talking about my job）.
4. 作宾语补足语
过去分词作宾语补足语，与宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，句中的谓语通常为感官动词see，hear，notice，watch，find，feel等，或使役动词get，have，make等，以及leave，keep，want等词。部分句子可与宾语从句互换。如：
The manager was satisfied to see many new products developed after great effort.（=The manager was satisfied to see that many new products were developed after great effort.） I found the door closed when I got home.（=I found that the door was closed when I got home.）
When you are making a speech， you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
The guests left most of the dishes untouched， because they didn’t taste delicious.
当这类句子变成主动语态时，过去分词也充当主语补足语。如：
The door was found closed when I got home.
Most of the dishes were left untouched.
[易错点]
1. 不规则变化
并不是所有词的过去分词都是直接在词尾加ed。
有些过去式和过去分词均保持原形。如：let（let，let）；hit（hit，hit）；cast（cast，cast）；read（read，read）。
有些过去式发生变化，过去分词依旧保持原形。如：come（came，come）；become（became，become）。
有些过去分词会发生不规则变化。如：arise（arose，arisen）；understand（understood，understood）；teach（taught，taught）；take（took，taken）；sink（sank，sunk）。
有些动词可能存在多个意思，不同的释义过去分词不同。如：lie（lied，lied）表示说谎，lie（lay，lain）表示躺着；hang（hung，hung）表示悬挂，hang（hanged，hanged）表示绞死。
有的动词过去分词需要双写最后一个字母，现在分词不用。如：write（written，writing）。
2. 逻辑主语
过去分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语。如：
那本书用简单的英语所写，因此非常受中国中学生欢迎。
Written in simple English， the book is very popular with Chinese middle school students.（T）
Written in simple English， Chinese middle school students are very fond of the book.（F）
小偷躲在洞穴里，成功避免被（警察）抓获。
Hidden in the cave， the thief managed to avoid capture.（T）
Hidden in the cave， the police couldn’t catch the thief.（F）
如分词逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，则需使用with的复合结构或独立主格——由名词或代词充当逻辑主语，分词、形容词等充当逻辑谓语的结构。如：
The murderer was brought to court， with his hands tied at the back. （tied的逻辑主语为his hands）
The lecture given（=After the lecture was given）， a lively question and answer session followed. （given的逻辑主语为the lecture）
随着英语的广泛时候，现在有些过去分词短语已经直接作固定搭配使用，不用考虑其逻辑主语。如：given that“鉴于，考虑到”；provided that“如果，假设”。
Given that they’re inexperienced， they’ve done a good job.
Provided that circumstances permit， we shall hold the meeting next week.
3. 与现在分词的区别
过去分词和现在分词都可以充当形容词，意思有差别。如： disappointing（令人失望的），disappointed（失望的）；puzzling（令人迷惑的）， puzzled（迷惑的）。通常情况下，现在分词修饰事物，过去分词修饰人。但修饰表情、笑容等时，一般使用过去分词。如：a disappointed expression（失望的表情），an embarrassed smile（尴尬的笑容）。
过去分词强调被动或已完成，现在分词强调主动或正在进行。因此，在作定语时，它们也有一些区别。如：fallen leaves（落叶），falling leaves（正在飄落的叶子）；developed countries（发达国家），developing countries（发展中国家）。
[基本用法]
1. 作表语
过去分词作表语时，主要表示主语的特征或状态。如：
He looked disappointed after he lost the match.
过去分词与动词的被动语态形式相同，但强调的重点不同。如：
Don’t choose that bicycle because it is broken.
不要选那辆自行车，因为它是坏的。（过去分词作表语）
The bicycle was broken in an accident.
自行车是在一次事故中被损坏的。（被动语态）
这类作表语的过去分词在词典中许多已被标注为形容词，如disappointed，interested，broken，pleased，surprised，tired，qualified，known等。
2. 作定语
单个的过去分词通常作前置定语，强调动作已完成。如：
All the fallen leaves have been cleared away. （fallen强调已完成“落下”）
The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital. （injured强调被动“被伤害”）
过去分词短语通常作后置定语，可与定语从句互换。如：
The suggestion made by the foreign expert （=which was made by the foreign expert） was adopted by the manager.
He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London（=which was polluted by the dirty water from London）.
3. 作状语
过去分词作状语，与主句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式等等，并可与相应的状语从句或并列句互换。
表示时间。如：
Shown around the library （=After students were shown around the library）， students were taken to the dining hall.
Seen from the top of the tower （=When the village is seen from the top of the tower）， the village looks more beautiful.
表示原因。如：
Deeply inspired by his speech （=Because we were inspired by his speech）， we decided to achieve our own dreams to the best of our ability.
表示條件。如：
Given one more chance （=If I am given one more chance）， I will finish the work faster and better.
表示让步。如：
Trained ten hours a day （=Even if he is trained ten hours a day）， he will still be a fool.
Warned of the danger （=Although he was warned of the danger）， he still skated on the thin ice.
表示方式或伴随。如：
The teacher walked into the classroom， followed by a group of students（=and was followed by a group of students）.
Seated at the table， my father and I were talking about my job（=My father and I were seated at the table and talking about my job）.
4. 作宾语补足语
过去分词作宾语补足语，与宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，句中的谓语通常为感官动词see，hear，notice，watch，find，feel等，或使役动词get，have，make等，以及leave，keep，want等词。部分句子可与宾语从句互换。如：
The manager was satisfied to see many new products developed after great effort.（=The manager was satisfied to see that many new products were developed after great effort.） I found the door closed when I got home.（=I found that the door was closed when I got home.）
When you are making a speech， you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
The guests left most of the dishes untouched， because they didn’t taste delicious.
当这类句子变成主动语态时，过去分词也充当主语补足语。如：
The door was found closed when I got home.
Most of the dishes were left untouched.
[易错点]
1. 不规则变化
并不是所有词的过去分词都是直接在词尾加ed。
有些过去式和过去分词均保持原形。如：let（let，let）；hit（hit，hit）；cast（cast，cast）；read（read，read）。
有些过去式发生变化，过去分词依旧保持原形。如：come（came，come）；become（became，become）。
有些过去分词会发生不规则变化。如：arise（arose，arisen）；understand（understood，understood）；teach（taught，taught）；take（took，taken）；sink（sank，sunk）。
有些动词可能存在多个意思，不同的释义过去分词不同。如：lie（lied，lied）表示说谎，lie（lay，lain）表示躺着；hang（hung，hung）表示悬挂，hang（hanged，hanged）表示绞死。
有的动词过去分词需要双写最后一个字母，现在分词不用。如：write（written，writing）。
2. 逻辑主语
过去分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语。如：
那本书用简单的英语所写，因此非常受中国中学生欢迎。
Written in simple English， the book is very popular with Chinese middle school students.（T）
Written in simple English， Chinese middle school students are very fond of the book.（F）
小偷躲在洞穴里，成功避免被（警察）抓获。
Hidden in the cave， the thief managed to avoid capture.（T）
Hidden in the cave， the police couldn’t catch the thief.（F）
如分词逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，则需使用with的复合结构或独立主格——由名词或代词充当逻辑主语，分词、形容词等充当逻辑谓语的结构。如：
The murderer was brought to court， with his hands tied at the back. （tied的逻辑主语为his hands）
The lecture given（=After the lecture was given）， a lively question and answer session followed. （given的逻辑主语为the lecture）
随着英语的广泛时候，现在有些过去分词短语已经直接作固定搭配使用，不用考虑其逻辑主语。如：given that“鉴于，考虑到”；provided that“如果，假设”。
Given that they’re inexperienced， they’ve done a good job.
Provided that circumstances permit， we shall hold the meeting next week.
3. 与现在分词的区别
过去分词和现在分词都可以充当形容词，意思有差别。如： disappointing（令人失望的），disappointed（失望的）；puzzling（令人迷惑的）， puzzled（迷惑的）。通常情况下，现在分词修饰事物，过去分词修饰人。但修饰表情、笑容等时，一般使用过去分词。如：a disappointed expression（失望的表情），an embarrassed smile（尴尬的笑容）。
过去分词强调被动或已完成，现在分词强调主动或正在进行。因此，在作定语时，它们也有一些区别。如：fallen leaves（落叶），falling leaves（正在飄落的叶子）；developed countries（发达国家），developing countries（发展中国家）。