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“人是什么”一直是哲学家们不懈追问而未解的“斯芬克司之谜”。马克思从历史唯物主义的立场和方法出发才破译了这一千古之谜,达到了对人的本质的科学认识。而马克思科学回答人的本质的关键在于实现了一场方法论革命,即从唯心史观为基础的方法转变到历史唯物主义方法。这主要体现在以下几个方面:从感性存在转变到感性活动;从既定本质上升到生成本质;从单一本质过渡到多重本质;从纯粹理想回归到现实生活;从自我确证跨越到对象互释。
“What a Man is” has always been a “Sphinx mystery” that philosophers tirelessly ask questions about. Starting from the standpoint and method of historical materialism, Marx deciphered the mystery of the past ages and reached a scientific understanding of the nature of man. The key to answering the essence of mankind by Marxist science lies in the realization of a methodological revolution, that is, a method based on the concept of historical ideal and a method of historical materialism. This is mainly reflected in the following aspects: from perceptual existence to perceptual activity; from the established essence to the essence of formation; from the single essence to the multiple essence; from the pure ideal to the real life; from the self-confirmation to the mutual interpretation of the object.