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【摘要】在英语教学过程中,我们经常能见到“除了……”的多种表达方式。它们的用法复杂多变，难以掌握，学生和教师对此都有所困惑。本文就这些表达方式进行了总结、归纳，以便大家能消除顾虑，更好地掌握它们的用法。
【关键词】表达方式；相似；差别
Many Kinds of Expression of “除了……”
Hao Xiaojing
【Abstract】In our English teaching and learning, we always see too much different expression about the phrase“除了……”. Their uses are complex, and it's hard to grasp. We are at a loss. The article will introduce and conclude their uses, so that we can disple misgivings and know how to use them.
【Key words】 expressionsimilaritydifference
在英语的听、说、读、写、译中经常要表示“除了……（之外）”这样的概念，而表达这一概念的英语方式又极为丰富。在教学过程中，我们经常见到的表达方式至少有十种，如：except, except for, apart from, aside from, beyond, other than, on top of, but, in addition to, besides等。这些表达方式复杂多变，难以掌握，学生和教师都为之困惑烦恼。它们中存在着相似及细微的差别。因此，我们将它们的用法进行归纳、总结，以便学生能系统地掌握它们的用法。
1.except和besides都表示“除了……（之外）”，但含义不同，except表示“从所提及的人和物中除去，即从整体中除去一部分”，表示递减概念，含义是否定的。besides表示“除了……外，还有……”，指“在整体中加入一部分”，表示递加关系，含义是肯定的。
besides常与other / more / else 等词连用，except 常与all / every / everyone / none / nobody / everything / nothing 等词连用。
eg: I like all drinks except Whisky.
如果用于疑问句和否定句两种结构，两词则可通用。【sup】［1］【/sup】
eg: The old man has nothing to live except / besides his pension.
eg: Except / Besides this dictionary, did you give me anything else？
2.except和 except for 都表示“除了……外，（不包括）”，但是except 通常用在概括性的词语后面，尤其是用在all, every, no, everything, anybody, nowhere, whole等词语的后面。
eg: He ate everything on his plate except the beans.
2.1 Except for 则有两层的含义：
2.1.1 表示对整体主要部分的肯定和局部的否定，起部分修正的作用。
eg: His article was quite excellent except for several spelling mistakes.
2.1.2 表示对非同类事物进行的比较。
eg: The bus is empty except for an old woman.
2.2 当except for 放在句首时，则可以同except 通用。
eg: Except for Tom, we have told everyone the news. We have told everyone the news except Tom.
2.3 在介词和连词前面用except, 而不用except for。
eg: He's good-looking except when he smiles.
eg: It's the same everywhere except in England.
2.4 except 后面还可以接动词，但动词形式取决于前面出现的词语，若前面出现do的任何形式，通常用动词原形。
eg: He does nothing except eat all day. （does——eat）
eg: There isn't anything to do except wait to see what happens. （to do——wait）
3.but 和except 是同义，都表示递减的概念，虽然二者在多数情况下可互换，但用法稍有区别：
3.1 but着重于整体，而except 则侧重的是除了的那一部分。
eg: I know all of them but one. （重点落在all上）
eg: I know all of them except one. （重点落在one上）
3.2 except 可以代替but，但but 并不一定都可以代替except 如果句中有all, no, nobody, who, where 等不定代词或疑问词时，多用but 后面跟宾语从句时，多用except。【sup】［3］【/sup】
eg: None but the brave deserve the fair.
eg: Who but James would do such a thing？
eg: I know nothing about the young lady except that she is from Beijing.
3.3 but 和except 都可用动词不定式作宾语，但是，如果句中作谓语的动词是do，两者所用的不定式可以不带to，否则要带to。
eg: Our enemy did nothing but surrender.
eg: Tom did nothing except read his text.
eg: Our enemy had no choice but to surrender.
eg: There was nothing left except to read his text.
3.4 but for 和except for 含义相同，表示“要不是……”“若非”，常用于虚拟语气，表示一种假设。
eg: But for the rain （If it had not rained）, we should have had a pleasant journey.
3.5 but 位置的变化会引起人称代词主、宾格的变化。
eg: No one but I （except me） know it.
eg: No one knows it but me （except me）.
4.apart from和aside from 二者都表示“除了……以外”之意。apart from有两种含义，即except和besides。因此，我们必须看它的具体用法：
4.1 except （for） without considering“除了……以外，不包括”。
eg: Apart from his eyes, he is quite good-looking.
4.2 besides in addition to“除了……以外，还包括”。
eg: Apart from the violin, he plays the piano and flute.
aside from的用法和意义与apart from相同，只是它多用于美式英语中。
5.in addition to sb./sth. as well as as an extra person, thing on top of sb./sth.: 这些短语表达的含义等同于besides，可译为“加之……”“除了……以外，还包括”。
eg: He lost his job and in addition to that his wife left him.
eg: On top of borrowing 50 yuan, he asked me to lend him my car.
eg: He gave me money as well as advice.
6.other than: 常用于否定词后，表示“除了……以外，不包括”，其用法同于except。
eg: She has no friends other than him.
eg: She never speak to me other than to ask for something.
other than的另一含义是“不同于……，而不” different from not 【sup】〔3〕【/sup】
eg: I do not wish her other than she is.
7.beyond: 常用于否定句和疑问句中，其用法有except （for）相同。
eg: He has nothing beyond his pension.
eg: Beyond that, there is nothing more I can say.
8.outside of: 其含义与except for相同。在美式英语中，常用outside of代替except for。
eg: He has no hobby outside of his office work.
综上所述，这些表达方式均含有“除了……（之外）”的意思，其中in addition to, except for, 只含有besides或except一个含义；而on top of, other than, but除了含有besides或except其中一个含义外，还另外有其它含义；但是apart from/ aside from则同时含有besides和except两个意思。因此，我们必须根据不同的语言环境才能正确判断其真正含义。此外，beyond通常又要用在否定句或疑问句中；other than则要放在否定词后面。这些细微的差别以及具体意义、用法则要求我们多加注意，并加强对它们的理解，以避免在考试中出现错误。
参考文献
［1]胡雄定 英语相关词语辨析词典〔K〕.外语教学与研究出版社，1997
［2]魏作雷 邹立杰.“除了”几多愁 〔J〕.外语界,2004,（3）
［3]牛津现代高级英汉双解辞典（第三版）〔K〕.牛津大学出版社
收稿日期：2011-08-24
【关键词】表达方式；相似；差别
Many Kinds of Expression of “除了……”
Hao Xiaojing
【Abstract】In our English teaching and learning, we always see too much different expression about the phrase“除了……”. Their uses are complex, and it's hard to grasp. We are at a loss. The article will introduce and conclude their uses, so that we can disple misgivings and know how to use them.
【Key words】 expressionsimilaritydifference
在英语的听、说、读、写、译中经常要表示“除了……（之外）”这样的概念，而表达这一概念的英语方式又极为丰富。在教学过程中，我们经常见到的表达方式至少有十种，如：except, except for, apart from, aside from, beyond, other than, on top of, but, in addition to, besides等。这些表达方式复杂多变，难以掌握，学生和教师都为之困惑烦恼。它们中存在着相似及细微的差别。因此，我们将它们的用法进行归纳、总结，以便学生能系统地掌握它们的用法。
1.except和besides都表示“除了……（之外）”，但含义不同，except表示“从所提及的人和物中除去，即从整体中除去一部分”，表示递减概念，含义是否定的。besides表示“除了……外，还有……”，指“在整体中加入一部分”，表示递加关系，含义是肯定的。
besides常与other / more / else 等词连用，except 常与all / every / everyone / none / nobody / everything / nothing 等词连用。
eg: I like all drinks except Whisky.
如果用于疑问句和否定句两种结构，两词则可通用。【sup】［1］【/sup】
eg: The old man has nothing to live except / besides his pension.
eg: Except / Besides this dictionary, did you give me anything else？
2.except和 except for 都表示“除了……外，（不包括）”，但是except 通常用在概括性的词语后面，尤其是用在all, every, no, everything, anybody, nowhere, whole等词语的后面。
eg: He ate everything on his plate except the beans.
2.1 Except for 则有两层的含义：
2.1.1 表示对整体主要部分的肯定和局部的否定，起部分修正的作用。
eg: His article was quite excellent except for several spelling mistakes.
2.1.2 表示对非同类事物进行的比较。
eg: The bus is empty except for an old woman.
2.2 当except for 放在句首时，则可以同except 通用。
eg: Except for Tom, we have told everyone the news. We have told everyone the news except Tom.
2.3 在介词和连词前面用except, 而不用except for。
eg: He's good-looking except when he smiles.
eg: It's the same everywhere except in England.
2.4 except 后面还可以接动词，但动词形式取决于前面出现的词语，若前面出现do的任何形式，通常用动词原形。
eg: He does nothing except eat all day. （does——eat）
eg: There isn't anything to do except wait to see what happens. （to do——wait）
3.but 和except 是同义，都表示递减的概念，虽然二者在多数情况下可互换，但用法稍有区别：
3.1 but着重于整体，而except 则侧重的是除了的那一部分。
eg: I know all of them but one. （重点落在all上）
eg: I know all of them except one. （重点落在one上）
3.2 except 可以代替but，但but 并不一定都可以代替except 如果句中有all, no, nobody, who, where 等不定代词或疑问词时，多用but 后面跟宾语从句时，多用except。【sup】［3］【/sup】
eg: None but the brave deserve the fair.
eg: Who but James would do such a thing？
eg: I know nothing about the young lady except that she is from Beijing.
3.3 but 和except 都可用动词不定式作宾语，但是，如果句中作谓语的动词是do，两者所用的不定式可以不带to，否则要带to。
eg: Our enemy did nothing but surrender.
eg: Tom did nothing except read his text.
eg: Our enemy had no choice but to surrender.
eg: There was nothing left except to read his text.
3.4 but for 和except for 含义相同，表示“要不是……”“若非”，常用于虚拟语气，表示一种假设。
eg: But for the rain （If it had not rained）, we should have had a pleasant journey.
3.5 but 位置的变化会引起人称代词主、宾格的变化。
eg: No one but I （except me） know it.
eg: No one knows it but me （except me）.
4.apart from和aside from 二者都表示“除了……以外”之意。apart from有两种含义，即except和besides。因此，我们必须看它的具体用法：
4.1 except （for） without considering“除了……以外，不包括”。
eg: Apart from his eyes, he is quite good-looking.
4.2 besides in addition to“除了……以外，还包括”。
eg: Apart from the violin, he plays the piano and flute.
aside from的用法和意义与apart from相同，只是它多用于美式英语中。
5.in addition to sb./sth. as well as as an extra person, thing on top of sb./sth.: 这些短语表达的含义等同于besides，可译为“加之……”“除了……以外，还包括”。
eg: He lost his job and in addition to that his wife left him.
eg: On top of borrowing 50 yuan, he asked me to lend him my car.
eg: He gave me money as well as advice.
6.other than: 常用于否定词后，表示“除了……以外，不包括”，其用法同于except。
eg: She has no friends other than him.
eg: She never speak to me other than to ask for something.
other than的另一含义是“不同于……，而不” different from not 【sup】〔3〕【/sup】
eg: I do not wish her other than she is.
7.beyond: 常用于否定句和疑问句中，其用法有except （for）相同。
eg: He has nothing beyond his pension.
eg: Beyond that, there is nothing more I can say.
8.outside of: 其含义与except for相同。在美式英语中，常用outside of代替except for。
eg: He has no hobby outside of his office work.
综上所述，这些表达方式均含有“除了……（之外）”的意思，其中in addition to, except for, 只含有besides或except一个含义；而on top of, other than, but除了含有besides或except其中一个含义外，还另外有其它含义；但是apart from/ aside from则同时含有besides和except两个意思。因此，我们必须根据不同的语言环境才能正确判断其真正含义。此外，beyond通常又要用在否定句或疑问句中；other than则要放在否定词后面。这些细微的差别以及具体意义、用法则要求我们多加注意，并加强对它们的理解，以避免在考试中出现错误。
参考文献
［1]胡雄定 英语相关词语辨析词典〔K〕.外语教学与研究出版社，1997
［2]魏作雷 邹立杰.“除了”几多愁 〔J〕.外语界,2004,（3）
［3]牛津现代高级英汉双解辞典（第三版）〔K〕.牛津大学出版社
收稿日期：2011-08-24