论文部分内容阅读
当前，在各级别、各类型的英语测试中，阅读理解都占有相当大的比重。从试题形式看，除了客观选择型的阅读理解题，很多地区的中考试题中增加了任务型阅读。了解阅读理解试题的呈现形式、能力要求和命题特点，对更好地完成考试任务、提高阅读理解成绩有很大帮助。
一、 总体评析
2011年全省各市中考英语试卷阅读理解试题的设计科学、合理，除考查学生把握语篇结构的能力外，还考查考生语言运用能力、阅读策略以及社会文化意识。具体表现为以下特点：
1. 阅读材料的体裁、题材丰富，适当配图，呈现方式活泼。语言素材真实、地道，注重选取与社会实际、考生生活有联系的材料，体现时代性、教育性和人文性。
2. 突出考查考生对文章语篇、语段的整体理解，直接获取信息的题量在减少，深层理解的题量在增加，适度考查了考生综合分析与判断的能力。
3. 试题的呈现形式多样，采用客观选择题和完成任务相结合的方式，考查考生提取直接与间接信息的能力以及整合信息并准确表述的能力。
4. 阅读的语篇渐长、渐难，在注重考查考生阅读技能的掌握与运用的同时，也突出考查考生阅读的速度和准确度。
二、 试题简析
例1 （2011无锡市）（保留原题号）
Chris Jones recently completed a very unusual journey. Our reporter Mary Owen met him at his home in the south of London and he told her all about the trip.
Reporter: What gave you the idea to make a trip around India on an elephant, Chris?
Chris: Well, it all started the idea two years ago when I was planning a trip to India. I visited a photo exhibition of elephants and I realized that the only enjoyable way to make a trip around India was on an elephant.
Reporter: What did you do next?
Chris: I flew to New Delhi and started looking for an elephant. I needed an elephant trained to carry people. I didnt know anything about elephants, so I asked an expert(专家) for help. He taught me how to ride an elephant. He also helped me find an elephant.
Reporter: How long did it take to find a suitable elephant?
Chris: Not too long. I bought a female elephant called Tara for about 6,000 dollars.
Reporter: Can you tell me about the journey?
Chris: Tara and I set off from New Delhi a week later. We were going to Sonepur in northern India. There is a big elephant market there and I could sell Tara easily. And what a ride! Elephants can travel at about 6 miles an hour and Sonepur is more than 1,200 km away. It took us 64 days to complete the journey.
Reporter: Did you have any problems on your journey?
Chris: Yes, a few. But nothing serious. On the third day, Tara hurt her foot. But that got better quickly. Also, there was a lot of heavy rain during the first week and we got very wet!
Reporter: What happened when you reached Sonepur?
Chris: My plan was to sell Tara. But I was very fond of her. I couldnt take her back to Britain and I didnt want to sell her at the market. I happened to meet some people who wanted an elephant for their national park in southern India. I knew that Tara would be safe with them, so I gave her to them. I was very sad to say goodbye.
29. Chris got the idea to make a trip around India on an elephant from . A. a visit to a zoo B. an elephant expert from India
C. the photos of elephant D. an old friend who lived in India
30. The elephant expert told Chris .
A. when to buy an elephant B. how to feed an elephant
C. where to sell his elephant D. how to ride an elephant
31. Chris decided to go to Sonepur because .
A. it is a very interesting place
B. he would be able to sell Tara there easily
C. elephants cannot be sold anywhere else
D. it would take only a short time to get there
32. When Chris arrived at the market in Sonepur, .
A. he realized that he did not really want to sell Tara
B. he visited some shopkeepers
C. he sold Tara to a national park
D. he decided to take Tara home with him
本文是一篇对话采访式的阅读材料，材料来源于报刊，内容是关于伦敦南部一位叫Chris Jones的男子骑大象游印度的一次不同寻常的旅行经历。选用这样的材料体现了语言真实交际的原则，同时也能提高测试的真实性。材料中不同寻常的旅行方式也能激发学生阅读的兴趣，促进他们学习英语的动机和愿望。
答案及解析：
29. 答案为C。这是一道简单的推断题，Chris Jones看了大象的照片展览，让他萌生这次不同寻常的旅行。根据第三段第二句“I visited a photo exhibition of elephants and I realized that the only enjoyable way to make a trip around India was on an elephant.”可知答案。
30. 答案为D。这是一道信息查找题，第五段第四句“He taught me how to ride an elephant.”给出了本题的答案。
31. 答案为B。文章的第九段谈及了Chris Jones旅行的目的地以及选择的原因，其中第三句“There is a big elephant market there and I could sell Tara easily.”可帮助学生作答。
32. 答案为A。 采访的最后一段，Chris Jones提到了到达目的地后，他本想卖掉陪伴他旅行多日的大象，可是在旅途中他与大象结下了感情，他不想卖了，第三句“… I didnt want to sell her at the market.”最终他给大象找了一个安全的归属“national park in southern India”。考生需仔细，否则会误选C答案。
例2 （2011南京市）（保留原题号）
Look carefully at the back of a California state quarter. A man with a walking stick is pictured there. A bird called a California condor(大秃鹫) is flying overhead. Who is this man，and why is he so important that he is featured(处于显著地位) on the back of a coin?
The man on this quarter is John Muir. Even as a child, Muir loved watching nature. As a young man, he spent much of his life exploring the beauty of the wilderness. He walked more than a thousand miles across the country, through fields and woods. John Muir liked writing about the places he visited, describing their beauty.
Muir also wrote about problems. In order to create more farmland for sheep and cattle, many trees were being cut down. This made Muir unhappy and worried, because he knew that trees were important to forests and to the animals that lived in them. Muir believed that nature should be conserved(保护) instead of being changed by human beings. He wrote articles in magazines and newspapers to spread the word about conserving forests. Soon, others began to listen. 本文主要介绍了美国加利福尼亚州的25分硬币的背面人物约翰·缪尔的生平事迹以及他为自然生态保护作出的贡献。短文内涵丰富，题目设置紧扣文章主题与内容。干扰项的信息来自文章，考查学生比较信息、筛选信息、处理信息的能力，还通过题目的设置引发学生深层次的思考，揣摩作者的写作意图。
41. 答案为C。本题主要考查学生获取具体信息的能力。文中第二段第三句提到“As a young man, he spent much of his time exploring the beauty of the wilderness.”答案C与问题相吻合。
42. 答案为C。这题难度不大，题目问“为什么Roosevelt总统会拜访缪尔？” 由文章第四段第二句“The president admired Muirs love for nature.”可知答案。
43. 答案为B。这是一道细节理解题，Roosevelt总统和缪尔去野营之后发生了什么事？由文章第四段的第四句可知答案。
44. 答案为B。本题考查学生理解文章主旨大意的能力以及阅读的技巧，引导学生关注文章的首句或末句。为什么缪尔的图像会出现在加利福尼亚州的25美分硬币背面？文章的最后一句给出了答案——缪尔在历史上对生态环境保护作出了极大的贡献。
45. 答案为C。本题考查学生深层次理解文意、揣摩作者写作意图的能力。整篇文章主要讲述了历史上对生态保护作出极大贡献的缪尔，他在历史上如此重要以至于他的图像被印在了加利福尼亚州的硬币上。这也突显了人们对他极大的尊重和纪念。
三、 命题走向
《英语课程标准》（实验稿）中关于初中毕业应达到的五级目标对阅读技能有明确的要求。2012年中考英语阅读理解的命题一定会依据《课标》要求，试题将会继续坚持以考查学生综合语言运用能力为目标，通过设置真实的任务考查学生综合利用信息解决实际问题的能力。考查内容主要集中在：理解并获取文章中的具体信息；根据上下文推测生词的意思；进行简单的判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解文章的主旨与要义；理解作者的意图和态度等。选材除了有情节、有内涵并富有教育意义的故事外，具有鲜明时代特色、实用性强的语言材料也可能会作为试题的素材，如产品说明书、广告、图表等等。考查重点会放在对语篇的整体理解上。任务型阅读的题型会更多地出现在中考试卷上。总之，阅读理解题将会力求科学地、全面地考查学生经过初中阶段学习后所具备的英语阅读能力和水平。
一、 总体评析
2011年全省各市中考英语试卷阅读理解试题的设计科学、合理，除考查学生把握语篇结构的能力外，还考查考生语言运用能力、阅读策略以及社会文化意识。具体表现为以下特点：
1. 阅读材料的体裁、题材丰富，适当配图，呈现方式活泼。语言素材真实、地道，注重选取与社会实际、考生生活有联系的材料，体现时代性、教育性和人文性。
2. 突出考查考生对文章语篇、语段的整体理解，直接获取信息的题量在减少，深层理解的题量在增加，适度考查了考生综合分析与判断的能力。
3. 试题的呈现形式多样，采用客观选择题和完成任务相结合的方式，考查考生提取直接与间接信息的能力以及整合信息并准确表述的能力。
4. 阅读的语篇渐长、渐难，在注重考查考生阅读技能的掌握与运用的同时，也突出考查考生阅读的速度和准确度。
二、 试题简析
例1 （2011无锡市）（保留原题号）
Chris Jones recently completed a very unusual journey. Our reporter Mary Owen met him at his home in the south of London and he told her all about the trip.
Reporter: What gave you the idea to make a trip around India on an elephant, Chris?
Chris: Well, it all started the idea two years ago when I was planning a trip to India. I visited a photo exhibition of elephants and I realized that the only enjoyable way to make a trip around India was on an elephant.
Reporter: What did you do next?
Chris: I flew to New Delhi and started looking for an elephant. I needed an elephant trained to carry people. I didnt know anything about elephants, so I asked an expert(专家) for help. He taught me how to ride an elephant. He also helped me find an elephant.
Reporter: How long did it take to find a suitable elephant?
Chris: Not too long. I bought a female elephant called Tara for about 6,000 dollars.
Reporter: Can you tell me about the journey?
Chris: Tara and I set off from New Delhi a week later. We were going to Sonepur in northern India. There is a big elephant market there and I could sell Tara easily. And what a ride! Elephants can travel at about 6 miles an hour and Sonepur is more than 1,200 km away. It took us 64 days to complete the journey.
Reporter: Did you have any problems on your journey?
Chris: Yes, a few. But nothing serious. On the third day, Tara hurt her foot. But that got better quickly. Also, there was a lot of heavy rain during the first week and we got very wet!
Reporter: What happened when you reached Sonepur?
Chris: My plan was to sell Tara. But I was very fond of her. I couldnt take her back to Britain and I didnt want to sell her at the market. I happened to meet some people who wanted an elephant for their national park in southern India. I knew that Tara would be safe with them, so I gave her to them. I was very sad to say goodbye.
29. Chris got the idea to make a trip around India on an elephant from . A. a visit to a zoo B. an elephant expert from India
C. the photos of elephant D. an old friend who lived in India
30. The elephant expert told Chris .
A. when to buy an elephant B. how to feed an elephant
C. where to sell his elephant D. how to ride an elephant
31. Chris decided to go to Sonepur because .
A. it is a very interesting place
B. he would be able to sell Tara there easily
C. elephants cannot be sold anywhere else
D. it would take only a short time to get there
32. When Chris arrived at the market in Sonepur, .
A. he realized that he did not really want to sell Tara
B. he visited some shopkeepers
C. he sold Tara to a national park
D. he decided to take Tara home with him
本文是一篇对话采访式的阅读材料，材料来源于报刊，内容是关于伦敦南部一位叫Chris Jones的男子骑大象游印度的一次不同寻常的旅行经历。选用这样的材料体现了语言真实交际的原则，同时也能提高测试的真实性。材料中不同寻常的旅行方式也能激发学生阅读的兴趣，促进他们学习英语的动机和愿望。
答案及解析：
29. 答案为C。这是一道简单的推断题，Chris Jones看了大象的照片展览，让他萌生这次不同寻常的旅行。根据第三段第二句“I visited a photo exhibition of elephants and I realized that the only enjoyable way to make a trip around India was on an elephant.”可知答案。
30. 答案为D。这是一道信息查找题，第五段第四句“He taught me how to ride an elephant.”给出了本题的答案。
31. 答案为B。文章的第九段谈及了Chris Jones旅行的目的地以及选择的原因，其中第三句“There is a big elephant market there and I could sell Tara easily.”可帮助学生作答。
32. 答案为A。 采访的最后一段，Chris Jones提到了到达目的地后，他本想卖掉陪伴他旅行多日的大象，可是在旅途中他与大象结下了感情，他不想卖了，第三句“… I didnt want to sell her at the market.”最终他给大象找了一个安全的归属“national park in southern India”。考生需仔细，否则会误选C答案。
例2 （2011南京市）（保留原题号）
Look carefully at the back of a California state quarter. A man with a walking stick is pictured there. A bird called a California condor(大秃鹫) is flying overhead. Who is this man，and why is he so important that he is featured(处于显著地位) on the back of a coin?
The man on this quarter is John Muir. Even as a child, Muir loved watching nature. As a young man, he spent much of his life exploring the beauty of the wilderness. He walked more than a thousand miles across the country, through fields and woods. John Muir liked writing about the places he visited, describing their beauty.
Muir also wrote about problems. In order to create more farmland for sheep and cattle, many trees were being cut down. This made Muir unhappy and worried, because he knew that trees were important to forests and to the animals that lived in them. Muir believed that nature should be conserved(保护) instead of being changed by human beings. He wrote articles in magazines and newspapers to spread the word about conserving forests. Soon, others began to listen. 本文主要介绍了美国加利福尼亚州的25分硬币的背面人物约翰·缪尔的生平事迹以及他为自然生态保护作出的贡献。短文内涵丰富，题目设置紧扣文章主题与内容。干扰项的信息来自文章，考查学生比较信息、筛选信息、处理信息的能力，还通过题目的设置引发学生深层次的思考，揣摩作者的写作意图。
41. 答案为C。本题主要考查学生获取具体信息的能力。文中第二段第三句提到“As a young man, he spent much of his time exploring the beauty of the wilderness.”答案C与问题相吻合。
42. 答案为C。这题难度不大，题目问“为什么Roosevelt总统会拜访缪尔？” 由文章第四段第二句“The president admired Muirs love for nature.”可知答案。
43. 答案为B。这是一道细节理解题，Roosevelt总统和缪尔去野营之后发生了什么事？由文章第四段的第四句可知答案。
44. 答案为B。本题考查学生理解文章主旨大意的能力以及阅读的技巧，引导学生关注文章的首句或末句。为什么缪尔的图像会出现在加利福尼亚州的25美分硬币背面？文章的最后一句给出了答案——缪尔在历史上对生态环境保护作出了极大的贡献。
45. 答案为C。本题考查学生深层次理解文意、揣摩作者写作意图的能力。整篇文章主要讲述了历史上对生态保护作出极大贡献的缪尔，他在历史上如此重要以至于他的图像被印在了加利福尼亚州的硬币上。这也突显了人们对他极大的尊重和纪念。
三、 命题走向
《英语课程标准》（实验稿）中关于初中毕业应达到的五级目标对阅读技能有明确的要求。2012年中考英语阅读理解的命题一定会依据《课标》要求，试题将会继续坚持以考查学生综合语言运用能力为目标，通过设置真实的任务考查学生综合利用信息解决实际问题的能力。考查内容主要集中在：理解并获取文章中的具体信息；根据上下文推测生词的意思；进行简单的判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解文章的主旨与要义；理解作者的意图和态度等。选材除了有情节、有内涵并富有教育意义的故事外，具有鲜明时代特色、实用性强的语言材料也可能会作为试题的素材，如产品说明书、广告、图表等等。考查重点会放在对语篇的整体理解上。任务型阅读的题型会更多地出现在中考试卷上。总之，阅读理解题将会力求科学地、全面地考查学生经过初中阶段学习后所具备的英语阅读能力和水平。