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估算题是近几年新高考中的热点题型。它的特点是不追求数据的精确而强调方法科学,重“理”不重“数”,而与其相对应的解题方法称之为估算法。估算法是利用物理概念、规律、物理常数和常识对物理量的数量级进行快速计算和取值范围合理估测的方法。估算法是一种科学的近似计算,它不仅是一种常用的解题方法和思维方法,而且是一种重要的科学研究方法。1945年7月16日晚,意大利美籍物理学家费米就是利用了估算法,简单、巧妙、成功地估测了世界上第一颗原子弹的爆炸威力,其估算值与实测结果非常接近,使不少科学家为费米简单的科学估算思维和方法所折服。这一事例表明,估算更是人类解决实际问题的重要方法。
The estimation question is a hot topic in the new college entrance examination in recent years. It is characterized by not pursuing the accuracy of the data and emphasizing the science of the method. It emphasizes not on the “number” but on the corresponding problem solving method called the estimation method. The estimation method is a method that uses physical concepts, laws, physical constants, and common sense to quickly calculate the magnitude of the physical quantity and reasonably estimate the value range. The estimation method is a kind of scientific approximate calculation. It is not only a commonly used problem solving method and thinking method, but also an important scientific research method. On the evening of July 16, 1945, Fermi, an American-American physicist, used the estimation method to estimate the explosive power of the world’s first atomic bomb in a simple, clever, and successful manner. Its estimated value is very close to the measured result. Many scientists were impressed by Fermi’s simple scientific estimation methods and methods. This case shows that the estimation is an important method for mankind to solve practical problems.