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超抗原作为一类强大的免疫激活因子 ,可活化T细胞和抗原呈递细胞 ,其作用范围从T细胞增殖的诱导 ,众多细胞因子释放 ,免疫抑制到免疫耐受和免疫无反应性 ,并与自身免疫和免疫机能不全有关。超抗原由某些细菌 ,病毒 ,支原体和寄生虫产生 ,它可以激活比普通抗原多达数千倍的T淋巴细胞 (包括CD+ 4和CD+ 8T细胞 ) ,并可活化NK细胞和单核细胞。超抗原以不同于普通抗原的方式与抗原呈递细胞 (APC)上MHCⅡ类分子及T细胞受体Vβ区非特异性结合 ,而无需APC内处理加工 ,以完整的蛋白分子直接结合到MHCⅡ类分子上 ,结合部位不在抗原肽结合的沟槽内 ,而在沟槽外侧。超抗原的生物学特性与其产生它们的微生物所致疾病的免疫学发病机制密切相关。
As a class of powerful immune activators, superantigens activate T cells and antigen presenting cells. Their functions range from the induction of T cell proliferation, the release of numerous cytokines, immunosuppression to immune tolerance and immune anergy, and to their own Immune and immune dysfunction related. Superantigens are produced by certain bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas and parasites and can activate thousands of times more T-lymphocytes (including CD + 4 and CD + 8 T cells) than common antigens and activate NK cells and monocytes. The superantigen binds nonspecifically to the MHC class II molecules on the antigen-presenting cells (APC) and the Vβ region of the T cell receptor in a manner different from that of ordinary antigens without the need for APC processing and direct binding of intact protein molecules to MHC class II molecules , The binding site is not within the antigen peptide binding groove, but outside the groove. The biological characteristics of superantigen are closely related to the immunological pathogenesis of the diseases caused by the microorganisms that produce them.