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I. 被动语态的概念和构成。
被动语态是英语动词的一种特殊形式,表示句子的主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象。一般说来,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。不及物动词通常不能用于被动语态,但是若其后和某些小品词(介词或副词)连用构成短语动词后,相当于一个及物动词,此时可以用于被动语态。被动语态是由“助动词be+过去分词”(有时也可用“get+过去分词”)构成。被动语态的时态是通过be动词的变化来体现的,它必须与主语的人称和数一致。高考常考的不同时态和形式的被动语态,请见下表(以及物动词do为例):
[项目 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 现在 am / is / are done am / is / are being done have / has been done 过去 was / were done was / were being done had been done 将来 will / shall be done will / shall have been done 过去将来 would be done; was / were to be done ]
【经典例句】
In some parts of the world, tea is served with milk and sugar. 在世界上的一些地区,上茶时里面放牛奶和糖。(一般现在时被动语态)
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 我要用十分钟的时间来决定是否拒绝那个建议。(一般过去时被动语态)
Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 如果这家工厂倒闭,数百个工作将会失去。(一般将来时被动语态)
The police found that the house had been broken into and a lot of things stolen. 警察发现那所房子被人闯入了,很多东西被偷。(过去完成时被动语态)
—Have you moved into the new house? 你搬进新房子里去了吗?
—Not yet. The rooms are being painted. 还没有。房间正在被粉刷。(现在进行时被动语态)
Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. 为了阻止空气污染,每一种可能的办法都用了,但是天空仍然不晴朗。(现在完成时被动语态)
The work will have been finished by the end of next month. 到下个月底前,这项工作将会被完成。(将来完成时被动语态)
The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune was to be made. 在澳大利亚发现金矿使得数以千计的人们认为可以发财了。(过去将来时被动语态)
II. 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题。
1. 否定词not的位置:在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。如:
His sister left home in 1998, and has not been heard of since. 他的妹妹1998年离开家,从那时起至今,人们再也没有听到她的消息。
2. 主句中的谓语动词带有复合宾语,应将宾语变成被动语态的主语,而宾语补足语保留不动(此时的宾语补足语被称作主语补足语)。如:
His words made me throw up. 他说的话让我很恶心。
→ I was made to throw up by his words.
We saw him sitting over there reading a book. 我们看见他坐在那儿正在读一本书。
→ He was seen sitting over there reading a book.
【温馨提示】在主动语态中,make, hear, see等后接不定式作宾语补足语时,要省略to,但变为被动语态时,不可省略to。
3. 带双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的动词作谓语的主动句变为被动句时,可以将表示物的直接宾语变为主语,用for或to引出表示人的间接宾语(也可以将表人的间接宾语变为主语)。如:
Our teacher told us an interesting story just now. 我们老师刚刚给我们讲了一个很有趣的故事。
→An interesting story was told to us by our teacher just now.
→We were told an interesting story by our teacher just now.
4. 通常情况下,只有及物动词才有被动语态,但有些不及物动词与介词或副词构成的动词短语,在意义上相当于及物动词,所以也有被动语态。注意:动词短语在主动句中是一个不可分割的词组,在被动语态中亦如此。因此,不可丢掉其后的小品词。如:
I have taken good care of my grandparents these years. 這些年我一直照顾我的祖父母。 →My grandparents have been taken good care of (by me) these years.
5. “get+过去分词”构成的被动语态。
英语中的被动语态通常由“be+过去分词”构成,但有时也可由“get+过去分词”构成。这种结构中的get与被动语态中的be同样起着助动词的作用,可以有不同的时态,构成疑问句时借助助动词。总的说来,由get构成的被动语态,远不及由be 构成的被动语态常见,尤其是在含有施动者的by短语时,用get构成的被动语态更少见。这种结构侧重于动作的结果而非动作本身。在谈到突然发生或未曾预料的事故或者使用了eventually, in the end, at last等时间状语时尤为常见。另外,在使用“助动词be+过去分词”构成的被动语态造成误解时,人们往往会选用“get+过去分词”来避免误解。如:
The window was broken. 窗戶破了。(表状态)
The window got broken. 窗户被打破了。(表动作)
In the end, he got caught. 最后他(终于)被逮住了。
6. 含情态动词的被动语态。
含情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成,有时be动词用完成形式,即构成“情态动词+have been+过去分词”。如:
One ought not to be punished for what one hasnt done. 不能因为没有做事就挨罚。
The young man has made so much noise that he should not have been allowed to attend the concert. 这个年轻人这么喧闹,他本不应该被允许来听音乐会。
III. 没有被动语态的动词(短语)。
1. 不及物动词(短语)没有被动语态形式。常考并且易错的这类词汇有:belong to, take place, happen, occur, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last, arise, date from (date back to) 等。
2. 某些静态动词不能用于被动语态。如:have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。
3. 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,不用被动语态形式。
4. 连系动词look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等没有被动语态形式。如:
—Do you like the material? 你喜欢这种布料吗?
—Yes, it feels very soft. 喜欢。它摸起来很软。
IV. 主动形式表示被动含义的情形。
1. 当动词open, close, sell, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等,用作不及物动词,且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动含义。如:
The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。
2. 某些动词本身含被动意味,通常用主动形式表示被动含义。如:
Her skirt caught on the nail. 她的裙子被钉子挂住了。
3. be (well) worth后接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。如:
Only one of the books is worth reading. 其中只有一本书值得阅读。
【温馨提示】与worth同义的worthy后接to be done或of being done,表示被动意义。如:
The film is worthy to be seen / of being seen a second time. 这部电影值得再看一遍。
4. 在need, want, require, desire等少数表示“需要”意义的动词后,接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义(也可以接不定式的被动式表示被动含义)。如:
The library needs cleaning (=to be cleaned), but itll have to wait until Sunday. 图书馆需要打扫,但是要等到星期天。
As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area need repairing (=to be
repaired). 由于严重的水灾,该地区三分之二的建筑物需要维修。
V. 动词不定式的被动语态。
当动词不定式的逻辑主语是该不定式所表示动作的承受者时,不定式要用被动式。其构成和含义请见下表(以及物动词do为例)。
[ 构成 意义 在句中所作成分 一般式 to be done 表示在谓语动作之后或与谓语动作同时发生的被动动作 主语、宾语、表语、主语补足语、宾语补足语、定语或状语 完成式 to have been done 表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动动作 主语、宾语,复合谓语、复合宾语或定语(间或) ]
【经典例句】
All these gifts must be mailed immediately so as to be received in time for Christmas. 所有的这些礼物必须马上寄出,以便圣诞节前能够及时被收到。 His first book to be published next month is based on a true story. 他下个月要出版的第一本书是以一个真实的故事为素材的。
He claimed to have been badly treated in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday. 他声称昨天在超市里购物时受到了不好的对待。
【温馨提示】下列情形下,常用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义:
1. 动词不定式在动词have, give, get, buy, lend, want等动词的宾语后作定语时,虽然不定式与名词或代词是动宾关系,但同时又和句中另一个名词或代词构成主谓关系。此时习惯上用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。如:
I have a lot of clothes to wash this afternoon. 今天下午我有很多衣服要洗。(句中to wash与clothes之间是动宾关系,但与主语I 是主谓关系)
He gave me a book to read while I was waiting for a bus. 我在等公共汽车时,他给了我一本书看。
2. “主语+be+形容词+to do”句型,常用来说明主语在某方面具有的一些特点。在该句式中,句子的主语是不定式表示动作的逻辑宾语,但习惯上不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。能用于该句型的形容词有:difficult, hard, fit, easy, nice, important, pleasant, interesting, comfortable等。如:
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子看上去很坚硬,但事实上坐上去很舒适。
3. 在“too... to do...” 或 “enough to do...” 等结构中,若句中有名词或代词作动词不定式的逻辑主语,用主动形式;若没有逻辑主语,用主动形式或被动形式均可以,但多用主动形式。如:
These boxes are not strong enough to use / to be used as a platform. 这些箱子不够牢固,不能作站台用。
This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 這本书太贵了,我买不起。
4. 在“there be+名词+不定式”句型中,不定式作定语修饰名词,用主动式,则重点在人,用被动式,则重点在物。如:
There is no money to waste. 没有金钱可以浪费。
There is no money to be wasted. 没有金钱可以被浪费。
5. 在“be to blame”结构中,常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。如:
Who is to blame for starting the fire? 谁应为引起火灾负责任?
I. 被动语态的概念和构成。
被动语态是英语动词的一种特殊形式,表示句子的主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象。一般说来,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。不及物动词通常不能用于被动语态,但是若其后和某些小品词(介词或副词)连用构成短语动词后,相当于一个及物动词,此时可以用于被动语态。被动语态是由“助动词be+过去分词”(有时也可用“get+过去分词”)构成。被动语态的时态是通过be动词的变化来体现的,它必须与主语的人称和数一致。高考常考的不同时态和形式的被动语态,请见下表(以及物动词do为例):
[项目 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 现在 am / is / are done am / is / are being done have / has been done 过去 was / were done was / were being done had been done 将来 will / shall be done will / shall have been done 过去将来 would be done; was / were to be done ]
【经典例句】
In some parts of the world, tea is served with milk and sugar. 在世界上的一些地区,上茶时里面放牛奶和糖。(一般现在时被动语态)
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 我要用十分钟的时间来决定是否拒绝那个建议。(一般过去时被动语态)
Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 如果这家工厂倒闭,数百个工作将会失去。(一般将来时被动语态)
The police found that the house had been broken into and a lot of things stolen. 警察发现那所房子被人闯入了,很多东西被偷。(过去完成时被动语态)
—Have you moved into the new house? 你搬进新房子里去了吗?
—Not yet. The rooms are being painted. 还没有。房间正在被粉刷。(现在进行时被动语态)
Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. 为了阻止空气污染,每一种可能的办法都用了,但是天空仍然不晴朗。(现在完成时被动语态)
The work will have been finished by the end of next month. 到下个月底前,这项工作将会被完成。(将来完成时被动语态)
The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune was to be made. 在澳大利亚发现金矿使得数以千计的人们认为可以发财了。(过去将来时被动语态)
II. 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题。
1. 否定词not的位置:在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。如:
His sister left home in 1998, and has not been heard of since. 他的妹妹1998年离开家,从那时起至今,人们再也没有听到她的消息。
2. 主句中的谓语动词带有复合宾语,应将宾语变成被动语态的主语,而宾语补足语保留不动(此时的宾语补足语被称作主语补足语)。如:
His words made me throw up. 他说的话让我很恶心。
→ I was made to throw up by his words.
We saw him sitting over there reading a book. 我们看见他坐在那儿正在读一本书。
→ He was seen sitting over there reading a book.
【温馨提示】在主动语态中,make, hear, see等后接不定式作宾语补足语时,要省略to,但变为被动语态时,不可省略to。
3. 带双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的动词作谓语的主动句变为被动句时,可以将表示物的直接宾语变为主语,用for或to引出表示人的间接宾语(也可以将表人的间接宾语变为主语)。如:
Our teacher told us an interesting story just now. 我们老师刚刚给我们讲了一个很有趣的故事。
→An interesting story was told to us by our teacher just now.
→We were told an interesting story by our teacher just now.
4. 通常情况下,只有及物动词才有被动语态,但有些不及物动词与介词或副词构成的动词短语,在意义上相当于及物动词,所以也有被动语态。注意:动词短语在主动句中是一个不可分割的词组,在被动语态中亦如此。因此,不可丢掉其后的小品词。如:
I have taken good care of my grandparents these years. 這些年我一直照顾我的祖父母。 →My grandparents have been taken good care of (by me) these years.
5. “get+过去分词”构成的被动语态。
英语中的被动语态通常由“be+过去分词”构成,但有时也可由“get+过去分词”构成。这种结构中的get与被动语态中的be同样起着助动词的作用,可以有不同的时态,构成疑问句时借助助动词。总的说来,由get构成的被动语态,远不及由be 构成的被动语态常见,尤其是在含有施动者的by短语时,用get构成的被动语态更少见。这种结构侧重于动作的结果而非动作本身。在谈到突然发生或未曾预料的事故或者使用了eventually, in the end, at last等时间状语时尤为常见。另外,在使用“助动词be+过去分词”构成的被动语态造成误解时,人们往往会选用“get+过去分词”来避免误解。如:
The window was broken. 窗戶破了。(表状态)
The window got broken. 窗户被打破了。(表动作)
In the end, he got caught. 最后他(终于)被逮住了。
6. 含情态动词的被动语态。
含情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成,有时be动词用完成形式,即构成“情态动词+have been+过去分词”。如:
One ought not to be punished for what one hasnt done. 不能因为没有做事就挨罚。
The young man has made so much noise that he should not have been allowed to attend the concert. 这个年轻人这么喧闹,他本不应该被允许来听音乐会。
III. 没有被动语态的动词(短语)。
1. 不及物动词(短语)没有被动语态形式。常考并且易错的这类词汇有:belong to, take place, happen, occur, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last, arise, date from (date back to) 等。
2. 某些静态动词不能用于被动语态。如:have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。
3. 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,不用被动语态形式。
4. 连系动词look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等没有被动语态形式。如:
—Do you like the material? 你喜欢这种布料吗?
—Yes, it feels very soft. 喜欢。它摸起来很软。
IV. 主动形式表示被动含义的情形。
1. 当动词open, close, sell, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等,用作不及物动词,且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动含义。如:
The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。
2. 某些动词本身含被动意味,通常用主动形式表示被动含义。如:
Her skirt caught on the nail. 她的裙子被钉子挂住了。
3. be (well) worth后接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。如:
Only one of the books is worth reading. 其中只有一本书值得阅读。
【温馨提示】与worth同义的worthy后接to be done或of being done,表示被动意义。如:
The film is worthy to be seen / of being seen a second time. 这部电影值得再看一遍。
4. 在need, want, require, desire等少数表示“需要”意义的动词后,接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义(也可以接不定式的被动式表示被动含义)。如:
The library needs cleaning (=to be cleaned), but itll have to wait until Sunday. 图书馆需要打扫,但是要等到星期天。
As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area need repairing (=to be
repaired). 由于严重的水灾,该地区三分之二的建筑物需要维修。
V. 动词不定式的被动语态。
当动词不定式的逻辑主语是该不定式所表示动作的承受者时,不定式要用被动式。其构成和含义请见下表(以及物动词do为例)。
[ 构成 意义 在句中所作成分 一般式 to be done 表示在谓语动作之后或与谓语动作同时发生的被动动作 主语、宾语、表语、主语补足语、宾语补足语、定语或状语 完成式 to have been done 表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动动作 主语、宾语,复合谓语、复合宾语或定语(间或) ]
【经典例句】
All these gifts must be mailed immediately so as to be received in time for Christmas. 所有的这些礼物必须马上寄出,以便圣诞节前能够及时被收到。 His first book to be published next month is based on a true story. 他下个月要出版的第一本书是以一个真实的故事为素材的。
He claimed to have been badly treated in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday. 他声称昨天在超市里购物时受到了不好的对待。
【温馨提示】下列情形下,常用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义:
1. 动词不定式在动词have, give, get, buy, lend, want等动词的宾语后作定语时,虽然不定式与名词或代词是动宾关系,但同时又和句中另一个名词或代词构成主谓关系。此时习惯上用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。如:
I have a lot of clothes to wash this afternoon. 今天下午我有很多衣服要洗。(句中to wash与clothes之间是动宾关系,但与主语I 是主谓关系)
He gave me a book to read while I was waiting for a bus. 我在等公共汽车时,他给了我一本书看。
2. “主语+be+形容词+to do”句型,常用来说明主语在某方面具有的一些特点。在该句式中,句子的主语是不定式表示动作的逻辑宾语,但习惯上不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。能用于该句型的形容词有:difficult, hard, fit, easy, nice, important, pleasant, interesting, comfortable等。如:
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子看上去很坚硬,但事实上坐上去很舒适。
3. 在“too... to do...” 或 “enough to do...” 等结构中,若句中有名词或代词作动词不定式的逻辑主语,用主动形式;若没有逻辑主语,用主动形式或被动形式均可以,但多用主动形式。如:
These boxes are not strong enough to use / to be used as a platform. 这些箱子不够牢固,不能作站台用。
This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 這本书太贵了,我买不起。
4. 在“there be+名词+不定式”句型中,不定式作定语修饰名词,用主动式,则重点在人,用被动式,则重点在物。如:
There is no money to waste. 没有金钱可以浪费。
There is no money to be wasted. 没有金钱可以被浪费。
5. 在“be to blame”结构中,常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。如:
Who is to blame for starting the fire? 谁应为引起火灾负责任?