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[摘要]非谓语动词的用法是英语学习中极为重要且复杂难学的一项重要语法知识，学生不易掌握且常常会出错。本文采用比较法介绍非谓语动词的学习方略，帮助英语学习者攻克非谓语动词难关。
[关键词]非谓语动词 比较法学习 提高英语学习能力
英语学习中，动词是最难学、变化复杂的一类词，在听说读写译等学习过程中最易出错，如果对动词深刻理解、掌握了,英语学习就会变得容易、轻松且颇有成就感，进而增强英语学习信心，使英语学习不断走向成功。
英语的动词根据其在句中的功能作用及结构特点，可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两大类，其中谓语动词的用法是基础学习，容易学习掌握；而非谓语动词属于动词的高层次用法，学好了非谓语动词的用法，对于理解长、难句式，表达复杂丰富的思想观念很有帮助，反过来又能加深对谓语动词的理解与强化。因此非谓语动词的学习方略对于提高英语学习能力有着非常重要的意义。在形式上谓语动词与非谓语动词不同，在用法上顾名思义二者有着截然不同的语法功能。以动词write为例，列表说明二者的区别：
现在着重谈谈非谓语动词的用法，列表说明如下：
一、不定式的用法
1.作主语
It is impossible for lost time to be made up.
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
It is necessary for you to think carefully before you act.
2.作表语
She seems to have read that book before.
What I would suggest is to learn English every day.
They seem to be getting along quite well.
His wish was to become a scientist.
3.作宾语
He preferred to be given more work to do.
I expect to see the manager mow.
We can’t afford to pay for it.
He pretended to be listening attentively.
[注]下列动词常用不定式作宾语：wish，hope，tend，refuse，promise，pretend，prepare，plan，offer，manage，long（v.渴望），happen，fail，expect，desire，demand，decide，ask，agree，afford，aim，apply，arrange，seek，want，determine，prefer，swear等。
4.作宾补
We consider him to be a good officer.
Why did you advise her to do that?
He wanted the letter to be mailed at once.
[注]①使役类动词（make，have，let）和感官动词（hear，feel，see，watch，notice，observe，listen to）作賓补时，要省略to，但变为被动语态时要加上to。
The policeman observed the man open the window.
We listened to her sing the song.
What would you have me do?
I let him go alone.
No stranger was seen to pass by during the time.
They were made to work day and night.
②help后的宾补结构，带to或不带to均可。
Will you please help me（to）lift this heavy box？
5.作定语
She made a promise not to do that again.
Do you have anything to say?
Little Tom found no one to play with.
6.作状语
He looked happy to hear the good news.(表原因)
I come here only to see you.（表目的）
What have I done to deserve so much?（表结果）
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
二、动名词的用法
1.作主语
Speaking a language is a most effective way of learning it pleasantly and naturally.
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
2.作表语
My job is teaching English in that college.
His greatest pleasure is travelling.
3.作宾语
Mary is considering changing her job.
He did all this without being asked by anyone.
Tom suggested going by air.
I regret having told her the news.
[注]下列动词及短语常用V.-ing式作宾语：advise，allow，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，finish，keep，imagine，mind，miss，permit，risk，resist，practice，suggest，give up，favor，can’t help，feel like，be used to，look forward to，put up with，can not stand等。
4.作定语
The old man walks with a walking stick.
You can always find him in the reading room.
[比较说明]
①不定式作主语往往表示一次性的具体行为，而动名词作主语往往表示一种抽象、泛指的行为。
Reading is really fun.
To read such a story is hard.
②不定式作表语常表示预计要发生的行为，也可表示未来的可能性和假设，而动名词作表语往往表示主语的身份或性质。
The sports meeting is to take place on Saturday morning.
He is about to leave.
The film is very interesting.
③有些动词之后用不定式或动名词作宾语，意义差别不大；但有些动词之后用不定式或动名词作宾语意义差别较大。常见动词有：forget，remember，regret，mean，try，stop，go on等。
I like playing football.
I like to play football today. 意义差别不大
I forgot ringing him.
I forgot to ring him. 意义差别较大
④不定式作定语与其修饰词之间有主谓或动宾关系，动名词作定语与其修饰词之间无逻辑关系，它表示被修饰词的功能、用途、性质、正在进行的行为。
I’m hungry,give me something to eat.(动宾关系)
Mary was always the first person to come and the last to leave.（主谓关系）
Take some sleeping pills,you will soon fall asleep.（功能）
I found a sleeping child on the sofa.（动作）
There is a swimming pool at the back of the garden.
三、分词的用法
分词分为两种——现在分词（v.-ing）和过去分词（v.-ed），分词兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可带宾语或状语，与宾语和状语一起构成分词短语。现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动；现在分词表动作正在进行，过去分词表动作已经完成。
1.作定语
China is a developing country.
Do you know the boys playing football on the playground？
English is a language spoken in many countries.
They decided to change the material used.
The bridge being built there will be one of the longest in that area.
2.作状语
Hearing the good news ,they all jumped with joy. （表时间）
Not knowing her address ,we couldn’t get in touch with her.（表原因）
Given more time, I’ll do it much better. （表条件）
They ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.（表方式或伴随情况）
The professor hurried to the hall, followed by two students.（表方式或伴随情况）
Having done his homework ,the boy began to watch TV.（表时间）
Having been given such a good chance ,how could she give it up?（表原因）
He was caught in a traffic jam,thus causing the delay.（表结果）
Staying up for a whole night ,he didn’t feel sleepy. （表让步）
從上述例句可看出，分词的逻辑主语即句子的主语，但有时分词也可有自己独立的逻辑上的主语（与句子的主语不一致），这种结构称为分词独立主格结构。
The holidays being over ,they began to get down to do their work again.
So many people being absent ,we decided to put off the meeting.
Weather permitting, the basketball match will be played on Friday.
He watched the scene ,his mouth being wide open.
Their work done, they went home.
3.作表语
The story sounds interesting.
His speech was very encouraging.
Don’t get excited, please.
She looked disappointed.
4.作补足语
I saw her entering the house.
He found the topic being discussed everywhere.
When I came into the classroom, I found him reading aloud.
You should keep her informed of what is going on here.
They were kept waiting for over three hours.
[比较说明]
①不定式作定语与其修饰词之间有主谓关系或动宾关系，分词短语作定语相当于定语从句的作用。
Do you have any question to ask?
Who is the lady standing by the door (=that is standing by the door)?
English is a language spoken in many countries (=that is spoken in many countries).
②不定式作状语可表目的、原因、结果，分词作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、结果、让步等。不定式作状语只是一个短语。而分词作状语相当于一个状语从句。
I’m very sorry to hurt you,but I didn’t mean to.
I come here only to see you.
Entering the room (=When I entered the room),I found he was reading.
Being sick (=Because she was sick),she didn’t go to school today.
③不定式作表语表示主语的内容，还表示具体的一次动作或将来发生的动作；动名词作表语说明主语的身份、内容，分词作表语表示主语的特征、性质。
Her wish is to become a singer.
Their work is to build another bridge across the river.
My job is teaching English in a college.
His favorite sport is swimming.
He looked more worried than others.
The news was encouraging.
④不定式作宾补表动作的全过程且完成，v.-ing形式作宾补表示动作未完成且正在进行。
Did you hear him say that?
I watched her cross the street.
I saw him crossing the road.
We heared her playing the piano.
通过以上介绍、分析，希望读者对非谓语动词有了更进一步的认知和了解，从而促进英语学习的不断深入与提高。
（作者单位：湖北十堰职业技术集团学校）
[关键词]非谓语动词 比较法学习 提高英语学习能力
英语学习中，动词是最难学、变化复杂的一类词，在听说读写译等学习过程中最易出错，如果对动词深刻理解、掌握了,英语学习就会变得容易、轻松且颇有成就感，进而增强英语学习信心，使英语学习不断走向成功。
英语的动词根据其在句中的功能作用及结构特点，可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两大类，其中谓语动词的用法是基础学习，容易学习掌握；而非谓语动词属于动词的高层次用法，学好了非谓语动词的用法，对于理解长、难句式，表达复杂丰富的思想观念很有帮助，反过来又能加深对谓语动词的理解与强化。因此非谓语动词的学习方略对于提高英语学习能力有着非常重要的意义。在形式上谓语动词与非谓语动词不同，在用法上顾名思义二者有着截然不同的语法功能。以动词write为例，列表说明二者的区别：
现在着重谈谈非谓语动词的用法，列表说明如下：
一、不定式的用法
1.作主语
It is impossible for lost time to be made up.
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
It is necessary for you to think carefully before you act.
2.作表语
She seems to have read that book before.
What I would suggest is to learn English every day.
They seem to be getting along quite well.
His wish was to become a scientist.
3.作宾语
He preferred to be given more work to do.
I expect to see the manager mow.
We can’t afford to pay for it.
He pretended to be listening attentively.
[注]下列动词常用不定式作宾语：wish，hope，tend，refuse，promise，pretend，prepare，plan，offer，manage，long（v.渴望），happen，fail，expect，desire，demand，decide，ask，agree，afford，aim，apply，arrange，seek，want，determine，prefer，swear等。
4.作宾补
We consider him to be a good officer.
Why did you advise her to do that?
He wanted the letter to be mailed at once.
[注]①使役类动词（make，have，let）和感官动词（hear，feel，see，watch，notice，observe，listen to）作賓补时，要省略to，但变为被动语态时要加上to。
The policeman observed the man open the window.
We listened to her sing the song.
What would you have me do?
I let him go alone.
No stranger was seen to pass by during the time.
They were made to work day and night.
②help后的宾补结构，带to或不带to均可。
Will you please help me（to）lift this heavy box？
5.作定语
She made a promise not to do that again.
Do you have anything to say?
Little Tom found no one to play with.
6.作状语
He looked happy to hear the good news.(表原因)
I come here only to see you.（表目的）
What have I done to deserve so much?（表结果）
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
二、动名词的用法
1.作主语
Speaking a language is a most effective way of learning it pleasantly and naturally.
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
2.作表语
My job is teaching English in that college.
His greatest pleasure is travelling.
3.作宾语
Mary is considering changing her job.
He did all this without being asked by anyone.
Tom suggested going by air.
I regret having told her the news.
[注]下列动词及短语常用V.-ing式作宾语：advise，allow，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，finish，keep，imagine，mind，miss，permit，risk，resist，practice，suggest，give up，favor，can’t help，feel like，be used to，look forward to，put up with，can not stand等。
4.作定语
The old man walks with a walking stick.
You can always find him in the reading room.
[比较说明]
①不定式作主语往往表示一次性的具体行为，而动名词作主语往往表示一种抽象、泛指的行为。
Reading is really fun.
To read such a story is hard.
②不定式作表语常表示预计要发生的行为，也可表示未来的可能性和假设，而动名词作表语往往表示主语的身份或性质。
The sports meeting is to take place on Saturday morning.
He is about to leave.
The film is very interesting.
③有些动词之后用不定式或动名词作宾语，意义差别不大；但有些动词之后用不定式或动名词作宾语意义差别较大。常见动词有：forget，remember，regret，mean，try，stop，go on等。
I like playing football.
I like to play football today. 意义差别不大
I forgot ringing him.
I forgot to ring him. 意义差别较大
④不定式作定语与其修饰词之间有主谓或动宾关系，动名词作定语与其修饰词之间无逻辑关系，它表示被修饰词的功能、用途、性质、正在进行的行为。
I’m hungry,give me something to eat.(动宾关系)
Mary was always the first person to come and the last to leave.（主谓关系）
Take some sleeping pills,you will soon fall asleep.（功能）
I found a sleeping child on the sofa.（动作）
There is a swimming pool at the back of the garden.
三、分词的用法
分词分为两种——现在分词（v.-ing）和过去分词（v.-ed），分词兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可带宾语或状语，与宾语和状语一起构成分词短语。现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动；现在分词表动作正在进行，过去分词表动作已经完成。
1.作定语
China is a developing country.
Do you know the boys playing football on the playground？
English is a language spoken in many countries.
They decided to change the material used.
The bridge being built there will be one of the longest in that area.
2.作状语
Hearing the good news ,they all jumped with joy. （表时间）
Not knowing her address ,we couldn’t get in touch with her.（表原因）
Given more time, I’ll do it much better. （表条件）
They ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.（表方式或伴随情况）
The professor hurried to the hall, followed by two students.（表方式或伴随情况）
Having done his homework ,the boy began to watch TV.（表时间）
Having been given such a good chance ,how could she give it up?（表原因）
He was caught in a traffic jam,thus causing the delay.（表结果）
Staying up for a whole night ,he didn’t feel sleepy. （表让步）
從上述例句可看出，分词的逻辑主语即句子的主语，但有时分词也可有自己独立的逻辑上的主语（与句子的主语不一致），这种结构称为分词独立主格结构。
The holidays being over ,they began to get down to do their work again.
So many people being absent ,we decided to put off the meeting.
Weather permitting, the basketball match will be played on Friday.
He watched the scene ,his mouth being wide open.
Their work done, they went home.
3.作表语
The story sounds interesting.
His speech was very encouraging.
Don’t get excited, please.
She looked disappointed.
4.作补足语
I saw her entering the house.
He found the topic being discussed everywhere.
When I came into the classroom, I found him reading aloud.
You should keep her informed of what is going on here.
They were kept waiting for over three hours.
[比较说明]
①不定式作定语与其修饰词之间有主谓关系或动宾关系，分词短语作定语相当于定语从句的作用。
Do you have any question to ask?
Who is the lady standing by the door (=that is standing by the door)?
English is a language spoken in many countries (=that is spoken in many countries).
②不定式作状语可表目的、原因、结果，分词作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、结果、让步等。不定式作状语只是一个短语。而分词作状语相当于一个状语从句。
I’m very sorry to hurt you,but I didn’t mean to.
I come here only to see you.
Entering the room (=When I entered the room),I found he was reading.
Being sick (=Because she was sick),she didn’t go to school today.
③不定式作表语表示主语的内容，还表示具体的一次动作或将来发生的动作；动名词作表语说明主语的身份、内容，分词作表语表示主语的特征、性质。
Her wish is to become a singer.
Their work is to build another bridge across the river.
My job is teaching English in a college.
His favorite sport is swimming.
He looked more worried than others.
The news was encouraging.
④不定式作宾补表动作的全过程且完成，v.-ing形式作宾补表示动作未完成且正在进行。
Did you hear him say that?
I watched her cross the street.
I saw him crossing the road.
We heared her playing the piano.
通过以上介绍、分析，希望读者对非谓语动词有了更进一步的认知和了解，从而促进英语学习的不断深入与提高。
（作者单位：湖北十堰职业技术集团学校）