浅谈大学英语中定语从句的教学

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  摘 要:多年来定语从句都是学生难以掌握的语法难点,本文主要对定语从句的概念,关系词的运用以及注意事项等方面进行简单阐述。
  关键词:大学英语;定语从句;教学
  经过多年的教学,笔者发现学生对定语从句很难掌握,现对定语从句的以下方面进行简单描述:
  一、 概述
  在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词;引导定语从句的词叫关系词,关系词又分关系代词(who, whom, whose, which, as, that)和关系副词(when, where, why)。定语从句又有限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句之分。限制性定语从句一般是主句中所修饰的名词不可缺少的定语,如省去,主句的意思就不那么明确或完整。非限制性定语从句一般只是对主句中所修饰的名词进行附加说明,如省去,主句意思仍然完整。非限制性定语从句与主句之间常用逗号分开。eg:
  Jerry was the kind of guy (whom) you love to hate. (Unit 1 A,Book 3)
  One of the boys kept laughing,which annoyed Jane intensely.
  二、 关系词的运用
  关系代词在定語从句中作主语,宾语,表语或定语,关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。
  who指人,在定语从句中作主语,不能省略。eg:
  Tom is the boy who studies hardest in our class.
  whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语或表语,在限制性定语从句中可省略。eg:
  The man whom I wanted to see was away on holiday.
  whose指人或物,在定语从句中作定语。eg:
  The other day I met a man whose brother I went to school with.
  which指物,在定语从句中作主语,宾语或表语,作宾语或表语时,在限制性定语从句中可省略。eg:
  Did you see the letter which came today?
  that可指人或物,在定语从句中可作主语,宾语或表语。作宾语或表语时,在限制性定语从句中可省略。eg:
  Gerry works for a company that makes typewriters.
  when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。eg:
  I will never forget the days when we spent together in the countryside.
  where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。eg:
  This is the place where I hid the key.
  why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。eg:
  ...there were very compelling reasons why it could not be done. (Unit 6 B,Book 3)
  which和that都可用来指物,一般可替换,但以下情况指能用that,而不能用which。
  A. 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代词时。eg:
  I am sure Mary has something (that) you can borrow.
  B. 先行词被all, every, no, any, much, little, some修饰时。eg:
  I have read all the newspapers (that) you gave me.
  C. 先行词被序数词修饰时。eg:
  This is the first book (that) I have ever read.
  D. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。eg:
  This is the most beautiful park (that) I’ve ever seen.
  E. 先行词被the only, the very, the last修饰时。eg:
  This is the very dictionary (that) I want.
  F. 先行词为人和物并列时。eg:
  They talked for an hour of things and persons (that) they remembered in the school.
  G. 当主句时以who和which开头的特殊疑问句时。eg:
  Who is the boy that is singing a song over there?
  Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?
  H. 主句是There be...句型,且主语是指物的定语从句。eg:
  There is a place that is still unknown to people.
  I. 先行词为time,常用that(可省略)。eg:
  This is the last time (that) I will give you a speech.   三、 注意事项
  1. 关系代词whom, which 在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句之间;为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词,也可把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。但含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词后面。eg:
  This is the room in which we lived last year.
  或:This is the room which we lived in last year.
  The baby whom the nurses are looking after is very healthy.
  2. 在非限制性定語从句中,不能用that。指人作宾语用 whom,作主语用who;指物用which。eg:
  The student, who spoke first, sat in the front of the classroom.
  The teacher, whom my mother is talking to, is our Chinese teacher.
  The water, which is not clean, should not be drunk.
  3. 关系代词不仅能代替单词,还能代替句子。如主句在前,被替代的句子在后,要用as;如主句在后,被替代的句子在前,可用as或which。eg:
  As we know, he studies very hard.
  My father has decided to giving up smoking, as/which made us very happy.
  4. 注意下面两个句子中定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式:
  He is one of the best students who study hard in our class.
  He is the only one of the students who studies hard in our class.
  总之,定语从句中关系词取决于以下方面:
  A. 是限制性定语从句,还是非限制性定语从句。
  B. 是代单词,还是代句子;是指人,还是指物。
  C. 在句中的功能,即在句中所作的成分。
  参考文献:
  [1]21世纪大学实用英语综合教程 3.复旦大学出版社.
  [2]21世纪大学实用英语综合教程 4.复旦大学出版社.
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