汉末士人以清议批评时政 ,遭到两次“党锢之祸”的打击 ,开始了对现实人生的反思。他们理性地认识到了儒家价值观念与人生实践结果的悖离 ,人生目的由以前对社会、国家、群体的重视转向对自我生命、享乐、欲望的关注 ,表现出强烈的自主意识。这种自主所标志的人的觉醒与以前的士人社会理性相比较 ,是以人的自然意识为本位的 ,是人的自然理性的觉醒 At the end of the Han Dynasty, when the Qing officials criticized the current affairs, they were hit twice by “the curse of the party detachment” and began to reflect on the real life. They rationally recognized the deviation between the values ​​of Confucianism and the results of life practice. Their purpose in life shifted from paying more attention to society, state and community to focusing on self-life, pleasure and desire, and showed a strong sense of autonomy. Compared with the social rationality of the former scholars, the awakening of such autonomous people is based on the natural consciousness of the people and is the awakening of the natural rationality of man