十九世纪法国杰出的作家斯丹达尔的代表作《红与黑》,为西欧批判现实主义小说创作开辟了广阔的道路。长篇小说的素材有现实根据,它是一个真实的恋爱悲剧。一八二七年,法国伊塞尔省勃格地方的一个年青的家庭教师,和女主人发生暖昧关系,由于女主人的信件阻碍他和一位富家小姐的 The famous book “Red and Black” by French outstanding writer Schindler in the 19th century opened up a vast road for criticizing the creation of critical realism in Western Europe. The material of the novel has a realistic basis, it is a true love tragedy. In 1827, a young tutor in the Berger district of Isel, France, had an affair with the hostess, who, owing to the hostess’s letters, prevented him from meeting with a rich lady