在《第二人称观点》这本书中,我主张,一种独特类型的行动理由——第二人称理由——是包括权利、道德责任、道德义务、人的尊严(对人的尊重)以及道德主体或者个人本身等概念在内的、很多核心的道德范畴不可缺少的要素。~①第二人称理由同其他类型的理由的区别在于,它们同权威以及必然能够针对权威对象做出的权威性主张和要求存在概念上的联系。我把这些理由称为第二人称理由,以便强调它们同讲话(address)之间的关系,讲话通常一定是向某人(一个 In “Second Person Opinion,” I argue that a unique type of justification for action - second-person reasons - is that it includes rights, moral responsibilities, moral obligations, human dignity (respect for people), and moral subjects Or the concept of the individual itself, including many of the core elements of an indispensable moral dimension. The second-person reason differs from the other types of reasoning in that they have a conceptual connection to authority and the authoritative claims and demands that must be made against the authoritative object. I refer to these reasons as second-person reasons in order to emphasize their relationship to the address, which must always be addressed to someone