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〔关键词〕 定语从句;关系词;先行词;概念;方法
〔中图分类号〕 G633.41〔文献标识码〕 C
〔文章编号〕 1004—0463(2008)05(B)—0047—01
定语从句是中学阶段一个重要的语法项目,是高三学生复习的重点和难点,也是高考的热点。在高三总复习中,我发现了一组有趣的定语从句,其主句相同,先行词也相同,但答案各异。因此,通过对它们的分析,使学生对定语从句有一个全面的了解。
(1)She lived in the house_______ windows were broken.
(2)She lived in the house_______ the windows were broken.
(3)She lived in the house, the windows ______ were broken.
例(1)中的house 与windows 形成所属关系,故答案为whose。例(2)和例(3)中,house 与windows形成所属关系,答案为of which,关键是其中的定冠词的原因,例(3)是非限制性定语从句。
要解决这一组题,学生必须把握三个要点:定语从句的基本概念,先行词在定语从句中所作的成分及答题方法。
一、定语从句的基本概念
在主从复合句中,修饰句中某一名词或代词的从句,叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词之后,由关系代词或关系副词引导。
引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who,whom和whose;关系副词有where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又代替先行词作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词和关系副词是根据先行词在从句中所充当的成分确定的。
因此,在做定语从句的题时,既要确定关系代词或关系副词在句中所起的作用,又要学会分析他们在定语从句中所作的成分。
二、关系词
1.关系代词that引导限制性定语从句,既可以指人,又可以指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语时 that不能省略,作宾语时可以省略。如:
I’ve read the books (that/which) I borrowed from the library.
The boy that/who came this morning is my brother.
2.先行词指物时用关系代词which或that,在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时 which或that不可以省略,作宾语时可以省略。如:
The book which/that was recently published is very interesting.
3.先行词指人时用who或 whom,在从句中作主语时用 who,不可以省略;作宾语时用whom,但在口语中,常用who代替whom,也可省略。如:
The professor (who/whom/that) you mentioned hasn’t come yet.
4.whose是who和which的所有格形式,表示“……的”, 在从句中作定语。引导主语从句时,先行词可以是人, 也可以是物。
5.如果先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词时,关系词在定语从句中作主语、宾语时用that或which,作宾语时可以省略;但作时间状语时用when或“介词+which”,作地点状语时用where或“介词+which”,作原因状语时用why或“for+which”。如:
She is going back to the town where/in which she was born.
She is going back to the town which/that she was born in.
She is going back to the town(that/which)she visited ten years ago.
三、方法点拨
对于具体的定语从句练习,我们先要识别定语从句;其次看先行词是人、物,还是时间、地点、原因;最后看是关系代词还是关系副词,以及先行词在从句中所作的成分,也就是分析定语从句中的动词与先行词的关系。
〔中图分类号〕 G633.41〔文献标识码〕 C
〔文章编号〕 1004—0463(2008)05(B)—0047—01
定语从句是中学阶段一个重要的语法项目,是高三学生复习的重点和难点,也是高考的热点。在高三总复习中,我发现了一组有趣的定语从句,其主句相同,先行词也相同,但答案各异。因此,通过对它们的分析,使学生对定语从句有一个全面的了解。
(1)She lived in the house_______ windows were broken.
(2)She lived in the house_______ the windows were broken.
(3)She lived in the house, the windows ______ were broken.
例(1)中的house 与windows 形成所属关系,故答案为whose。例(2)和例(3)中,house 与windows形成所属关系,答案为of which,关键是其中的定冠词的原因,例(3)是非限制性定语从句。
要解决这一组题,学生必须把握三个要点:定语从句的基本概念,先行词在定语从句中所作的成分及答题方法。
一、定语从句的基本概念
在主从复合句中,修饰句中某一名词或代词的从句,叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词之后,由关系代词或关系副词引导。
引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who,whom和whose;关系副词有where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又代替先行词作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词和关系副词是根据先行词在从句中所充当的成分确定的。
因此,在做定语从句的题时,既要确定关系代词或关系副词在句中所起的作用,又要学会分析他们在定语从句中所作的成分。
二、关系词
1.关系代词that引导限制性定语从句,既可以指人,又可以指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语时 that不能省略,作宾语时可以省略。如:
I’ve read the books (that/which) I borrowed from the library.
The boy that/who came this morning is my brother.
2.先行词指物时用关系代词which或that,在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时 which或that不可以省略,作宾语时可以省略。如:
The book which/that was recently published is very interesting.
3.先行词指人时用who或 whom,在从句中作主语时用 who,不可以省略;作宾语时用whom,但在口语中,常用who代替whom,也可省略。如:
The professor (who/whom/that) you mentioned hasn’t come yet.
4.whose是who和which的所有格形式,表示“……的”, 在从句中作定语。引导主语从句时,先行词可以是人, 也可以是物。
5.如果先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词时,关系词在定语从句中作主语、宾语时用that或which,作宾语时可以省略;但作时间状语时用when或“介词+which”,作地点状语时用where或“介词+which”,作原因状语时用why或“for+which”。如:
She is going back to the town where/in which she was born.
She is going back to the town which/that she was born in.
She is going back to the town(that/which)she visited ten years ago.
三、方法点拨
对于具体的定语从句练习,我们先要识别定语从句;其次看先行词是人、物,还是时间、地点、原因;最后看是关系代词还是关系副词,以及先行词在从句中所作的成分,也就是分析定语从句中的动词与先行词的关系。