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阅读理解能力是语言技能的重要组成部分,也是目前中学英语教学中最为重视的一项技能。阅读理解更是各类英语考试的重点。因此,了解英语阅读理解题的考点设置,也是考生顺利过考试关的重要保证。下面,笔者对近年各地高考英语阅读理解题的考点进行归纳、总结,以免学生在复习中走弯路,帮助学生在考试中取得好成绩。
一、理解文章的主旨要义
任何一篇文章都有一个主旨要义。有时,从文章的第一段,甚至第一句话即可得出文章的主旨要义;有时,文章的主旨要义须从文章的字里行间进行推断。这类试题主要考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,它对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。主旨大意题常见的提问形式有:
1. What does the writer mainly tell us?
2. Which of the following can summarize the main idea of this text?
3. Which of the following best expresses the main idea?
4. Which is the subject discussed in the text?
5. What’s the best title for this passage?
二、理解文中的具体信息
文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节的支持,这些细节对理解全文内容至关重要,同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。有些试题提供的信息比较直接,理解字面意思即可答题;有些则较为间接,需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。在解答此类题目时要注意以下几个方面。
1. 忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系,决不能主观臆断。
2. 有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某个句子、某个段落等细节及事实进行提问,所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
3. 提问的特殊疑问词常有:what, who, which, where, how, why等。
4. 查找主要事实和特定细节常有以下几种命题方式:
1) Which of the following statements is true?
2) Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?
3) The author (or the passage) states that ___.
4) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) ___?
【例1】Adrian’s “Amazing Race” started early when his parents realized that he, as a baby, couldn’t hear a thing, not even loud noises. In a special school for the hearing-impaired(听觉受损的), he
learned sign language and got to mix with other disabled children. However, the sight of all the disabled children communicating with one another upset his mother. She wanted him to lead a normal life. So after speaking to an advisor, she sent him to private classes where he learned to read lips and pronounce words.
Question: How did Adrian communicate with other children in the special school?
A. By speaking.
B. By using sign language.
C. By reading lips.
D. By making loud noises.
【解析】答案为B。问题中提到了“special school”,我们很快就可以在文中找到这个信息:In a special school for the hearing-impaired, he learned sign language and ...从而可以很快确定正确答案为B。
三、根据上下文推断生词的词义
正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步。不懂单词含义就根本谈不上理解文章。但英语单词的含义并非等同于词典中标注的汉语意思,其含义会随不同的语境而有所变化。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义,才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。此外,阅读文章时,常常会遇到一些过去未见过的单词,这类词的词义可通过上下文推断出来。常用的推断词义的方法有:
1. 同义法。单词或短语之间有并列连词and或or,它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的,由此可以推测。
2. 反义法。在生词所在句子的前后句往往能找到对应的意义相反的词。
3. 释义法。对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语从句甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
另外,还有情景推断法、代词替代法、构词法等。
【例2】But it’s a two-way street. I just heard about a thousand Shenzhen office workers who have gone to Bangalore to train in software. Meanwhile, all the Indian IT majors are setting up a strong presence in China.
Question: What does the author mean by “it’s a two-way street” in Paragraph 10?
A. China and India have different traffic rules.
B. Tea trade works wonders in both India and China.
C. Chinese products are popular in both China and India.
D. The exchanges between India and China benefit both.
【解析】答案为D。上文说到印度政府已经计划派出小组到中国来了解事情进展情况,一位部长曾说印度要吸引更多的外国投资,而且这样的措施会像中国那样产生奇迹。后文说约一千名深圳公务员已经到印度Bangalore培训学习软件,同时,所有印度的IT巨头也正在中国开创强大的市场,由此可知“it’s a two-way street”是指中印双方皆受益的交流。
四、作出简单判断和推理
推理判断题是高考阅读理解题的重头戏,20个小题中常有6-8个,着重考查学生以下几个方面的能力:
1. 对事件发生的预测及推断的能力;
2. 通过细节描述对人物性格特征进行推断的能力;
3. 针对文章内容对作者的态度、观点、写作意图进行推断的能力;
4. 对作者话语之间弦外之音的理解能力。
推理判断题对考生还有以下要求:既要求考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思,又要求考生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断,力求从作者的角度去考虑问题,不要固守自己的看法或观点。
推理判断题常见的命题方式有:
1. The passage implies that _______.
2. We can conclude from the passage that
_____.
3. Which of the following can be inferred?
4. What is the tone of the author?
5. What is the purpose of this passage?
6. The passage is intended to _____.
7. Where would this passage most probably
appear?
【例3】We sometimes told ourselves that what we were doing in the woods was exploring(探索). Exploring was a more popular idea back then than it is today. History seemed to be mostly about explorers. Our explorations, though, seemed to have less system than the historic kind: something usually came up along the way. Say we stayed in the woods, throwing rocks, shooting frogs, picking blackberries, digging in what we were briefly persuaded was an Indian burial mound.
Question: What can we infer from Paragraph 2?
A. The activities in the woods were well planned.
B. Human history is not the result of exploration.
C. Exploration should be a systematic activity.
D. The author explored in the woods aimlessly.
【解析】答案为D。以上内容主要讲述了在树林里自由自在地玩耍、探索自然的奥秘。由第三、四句和后面部分可排除A、B两项,C项文中未提及,故选D。
五、理解文章的基本结构
尽管这类题在平时的考试中出现得比较少,但还是要提醒考生给予注意。这类题一般都是针对首、尾段在文章中的作用,或是整篇文章的结构进行提问。考生需要对文章的总体结构作一下分析,尤其是首、尾段对全文所起的作用,要重点分析。
【例4】 Foreign drivers will have to pay on-the-spot fines of up to $900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried out next month.
If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card, their vehicles will be clamped(扣留) until they pay—and they will face an additional fee of $80 for getting back their vehicles.
Question: The first paragraph serves as a(n) _____.
A. explanation B. introduction
C. commentD. background
【解析】答案为B。通读全文可知,第一段是全文的一个简短介绍,它起着“抛砖引玉”的作用,故选B。
一、理解文章的主旨要义
任何一篇文章都有一个主旨要义。有时,从文章的第一段,甚至第一句话即可得出文章的主旨要义;有时,文章的主旨要义须从文章的字里行间进行推断。这类试题主要考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,它对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。主旨大意题常见的提问形式有:
1. What does the writer mainly tell us?
2. Which of the following can summarize the main idea of this text?
3. Which of the following best expresses the main idea?
4. Which is the subject discussed in the text?
5. What’s the best title for this passage?
二、理解文中的具体信息
文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节的支持,这些细节对理解全文内容至关重要,同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。有些试题提供的信息比较直接,理解字面意思即可答题;有些则较为间接,需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。在解答此类题目时要注意以下几个方面。
1. 忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系,决不能主观臆断。
2. 有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某个句子、某个段落等细节及事实进行提问,所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
3. 提问的特殊疑问词常有:what, who, which, where, how, why等。
4. 查找主要事实和特定细节常有以下几种命题方式:
1) Which of the following statements is true?
2) Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?
3) The author (or the passage) states that ___.
4) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) ___?
【例1】Adrian’s “Amazing Race” started early when his parents realized that he, as a baby, couldn’t hear a thing, not even loud noises. In a special school for the hearing-impaired(听觉受损的), he
learned sign language and got to mix with other disabled children. However, the sight of all the disabled children communicating with one another upset his mother. She wanted him to lead a normal life. So after speaking to an advisor, she sent him to private classes where he learned to read lips and pronounce words.
Question: How did Adrian communicate with other children in the special school?
A. By speaking.
B. By using sign language.
C. By reading lips.
D. By making loud noises.
【解析】答案为B。问题中提到了“special school”,我们很快就可以在文中找到这个信息:In a special school for the hearing-impaired, he learned sign language and ...从而可以很快确定正确答案为B。
三、根据上下文推断生词的词义
正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步。不懂单词含义就根本谈不上理解文章。但英语单词的含义并非等同于词典中标注的汉语意思,其含义会随不同的语境而有所变化。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义,才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。此外,阅读文章时,常常会遇到一些过去未见过的单词,这类词的词义可通过上下文推断出来。常用的推断词义的方法有:
1. 同义法。单词或短语之间有并列连词and或or,它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的,由此可以推测。
2. 反义法。在生词所在句子的前后句往往能找到对应的意义相反的词。
3. 释义法。对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语从句甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
另外,还有情景推断法、代词替代法、构词法等。
【例2】But it’s a two-way street. I just heard about a thousand Shenzhen office workers who have gone to Bangalore to train in software. Meanwhile, all the Indian IT majors are setting up a strong presence in China.
Question: What does the author mean by “it’s a two-way street” in Paragraph 10?
A. China and India have different traffic rules.
B. Tea trade works wonders in both India and China.
C. Chinese products are popular in both China and India.
D. The exchanges between India and China benefit both.
【解析】答案为D。上文说到印度政府已经计划派出小组到中国来了解事情进展情况,一位部长曾说印度要吸引更多的外国投资,而且这样的措施会像中国那样产生奇迹。后文说约一千名深圳公务员已经到印度Bangalore培训学习软件,同时,所有印度的IT巨头也正在中国开创强大的市场,由此可知“it’s a two-way street”是指中印双方皆受益的交流。
四、作出简单判断和推理
推理判断题是高考阅读理解题的重头戏,20个小题中常有6-8个,着重考查学生以下几个方面的能力:
1. 对事件发生的预测及推断的能力;
2. 通过细节描述对人物性格特征进行推断的能力;
3. 针对文章内容对作者的态度、观点、写作意图进行推断的能力;
4. 对作者话语之间弦外之音的理解能力。
推理判断题对考生还有以下要求:既要求考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思,又要求考生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断,力求从作者的角度去考虑问题,不要固守自己的看法或观点。
推理判断题常见的命题方式有:
1. The passage implies that _______.
2. We can conclude from the passage that
_____.
3. Which of the following can be inferred?
4. What is the tone of the author?
5. What is the purpose of this passage?
6. The passage is intended to _____.
7. Where would this passage most probably
appear?
【例3】We sometimes told ourselves that what we were doing in the woods was exploring(探索). Exploring was a more popular idea back then than it is today. History seemed to be mostly about explorers. Our explorations, though, seemed to have less system than the historic kind: something usually came up along the way. Say we stayed in the woods, throwing rocks, shooting frogs, picking blackberries, digging in what we were briefly persuaded was an Indian burial mound.
Question: What can we infer from Paragraph 2?
A. The activities in the woods were well planned.
B. Human history is not the result of exploration.
C. Exploration should be a systematic activity.
D. The author explored in the woods aimlessly.
【解析】答案为D。以上内容主要讲述了在树林里自由自在地玩耍、探索自然的奥秘。由第三、四句和后面部分可排除A、B两项,C项文中未提及,故选D。
五、理解文章的基本结构
尽管这类题在平时的考试中出现得比较少,但还是要提醒考生给予注意。这类题一般都是针对首、尾段在文章中的作用,或是整篇文章的结构进行提问。考生需要对文章的总体结构作一下分析,尤其是首、尾段对全文所起的作用,要重点分析。
【例4】 Foreign drivers will have to pay on-the-spot fines of up to $900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried out next month.
If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card, their vehicles will be clamped(扣留) until they pay—and they will face an additional fee of $80 for getting back their vehicles.
Question: The first paragraph serves as a(n) _____.
A. explanation B. introduction
C. commentD. background
【解析】答案为B。通读全文可知,第一段是全文的一个简短介绍,它起着“抛砖引玉”的作用,故选B。