引论晚清对外贸易是按怎样的习惯来进行的?这种习惯与当时国际商习惯的关系如何?在讨论之前有必要对商习惯一词作必要的说明。从字面上来看,商习惯与商法有密切联系,拉丁文Lex Mercatoria似乎是按照人的身份标准来确立的。①但直至晚清,中国在多大程度上形成一个商人阶层,他们的行为在多大程度上是 In the late Qing dynasty, what kind of custom was used for foreign trade? What was the relationship between this habit and the habits of international businessmen at the time? Before the discussion, it was necessary to give a necessary explanation of the term customary practice. Literally, business practices are closely linked to commercial law, and the Latin Lex Mercatoria seems to have been established in terms of human status. But to what extent did late Qing China form a merchant class, to what extent did their actions be