“自由是对必然的认识和对客观世界的改造”。人类使用材料的历史,几乎和人类历史本身一样悠久。近年来,由于尖端技术的需要,新型材料更是层出不穷。人类在材料的选择和使用方面,已积累了丰富的经验,但是人类选择材料的方法,许多年来却没有根本改变。人们通常凭经验试制种种材料的试样,分析其成分,测试其性能,制成器件试用,如不合适,即另行试制。往往需要反复多次,才能从千百种试样中“筛选”出合适的材料。这种方法虽然行之有效, “Freedom is a necessary understanding and transformation of the objective world.” The history of human use of materials is almost as long as human history itself. In recent years, due to the needs of cutting-edge technology, new material is more and more emergent. Humans have accumulated rich experience in the selection and use of materials, but human methods of selecting materials have not changed fundamentally for many years. People usually experience the trial of a variety of material samples, analyze its composition, test its performance, made of device trial, if not suitable, that is a separate trial. It often takes several iterations to “screen” out the right material from hundreds of specimens. Although this method works well,