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核能的利用是本世纪40年代初期首先在军事领域开始的。随后,为满足经济增长对电力的需求,自50年代以来,许多国家都陆续把核电摆在能源开发与生产的重要位置上。根据国际原子能机构发布的数字,至1988年底,全世界共有429个核反应堆在运行,分布在26个国家和地区,总装机容量310.8百万千瓦,1988年核发电量达17960亿千瓦小时,占世界总发电量的17%。其中核电最多的5个国家是:美国、法国、苏联、日本、西德,其核发电量占该国总发电量的比例分别为19.5%、69.9%、12.6%、23.4%、34.0%.目前全世界在建的核反应堆有105座,总装机容量8487万千瓦。中国正在建造3座核反应堆,装机容量210万千瓦,占世界在建量的2.5%。与世界范围的核电工业相比,中国的核电工业还十分落后。核电工业是从核能的军事利用转移而来。从第一座军用生产反应堆建成至第一座核电站运行,美国为
The use of nuclear energy first began in the military field in the early 1940s. Subsequently, in order to meet the economic growth demand for electricity, many countries have placed nuclear power in an important position in energy development and production since the 1950s. According to figures released by the International Atomic Energy Agency, by the end of 1988, a total of 429 nuclear reactors were in operation worldwide, distributed in 26 countries and regions, with a total installed capacity of 310.8 million kilowatts, and nuclear power generation in 1988 amounted to 1.796 trillion kilowatt hours, accounting for the world’s total. 17% of electricity generation. Among the five countries with the most nuclear power: the United States, France, the Soviet Union, Japan, and West Germany, their nuclear power generation accounts for 19.5%, 69.9%, 12.6%, 23.4%, and 34.0% of the country’s total power generation. There are 105 nuclear reactors under construction in the world with a total installed capacity of 84.87 million kilowatts. China is building three nuclear reactors with an installed capacity of 2.1 million kilowatts, which accounts for 2.5% of the world’s construction volume. Compared with the world-wide nuclear power industry, China’s nuclear power industry is still very backward. The nuclear power industry has shifted from the military use of nuclear energy. From the completion of the first military production reactor to the operation of the first nuclear power plant, the United States is