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江南一带特有的低洼地形，给农业生产的抗旱御涝工作带来相当大的难度。圩田的构筑事业成为发展这一地区农业经济需要解决的最根本性课题。正是由于圩田水利的重要地位，明清时期，各种行政干预手段和自发性民间团体先后插手圩岸的修筑和管理，与塘长制、圩长制相配合，结成一种以圩田网络为基本纽带的农村社会组织──“乡圩”。本文拟通过探讨明清两代“乡圩”组织体系的变迁，以突出这种圩田水利组织在维系江南地区乡村基层社会构成方面发挥的特殊作用。
The unique low-lying terrain in the southern part of the Yangtze River area brings considerable difficulty to drought and waterlogging prevention in agricultural production. The construction of the polder has become the most fundamental issue to be solved in developing the agricultural economy in this region. It is precisely because of the important status of polder water conservancy, the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a variety of administrative interventions and spontaneous non-governmental organizations have intervened in the construction and management of the polders, with the pond system, polder system to form a polder network As the basic link of rural social organizations ─ ─ “township fair.” This paper intends to explore the vicissitudes of the organization system of rural townships in the Ming and Qing dynasties so as to highlight the special role played by such polder water organizations in maintaining the social composition of rural grass-roots units in southern areas.