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泛阿穆尔流域地区的自然生态体系在近百多年来遭受到人类活动的严重破坏，并使得生物群体承受不良后果。不仅水生态体系，陆地的生态体系也发生了根本性的变革。具有区域特征性的动植物群体数量大大减少，某些动植物群体已处于消亡的边缘或者已经从区域生物群体中消失。
泛阿穆尔流域的自然生态系统具有广泛的多相性，这是建立在当地自然条件的前提下，尤其是具有自然条件下生物的随机多样性、生物多样性特征与其空间分布特点等。周期性出现在自然进化过程中的自然界极端或反常现象（灾害性洪水、旱灾、极端寒冬等），并没有对生物群体产生根本性破坏，未破坏其历史形成的自然综合体与单独组成部分之间的关系、阿穆尔流域整个大生物系统也未发生明显的变革。在这些自然现象的作用下只引起生态系统内部微小的或季节性或多年性或组成部分之间的波动，不改变整个生态系统的基本参数与机能。
完全不同的是，长期、大规模的人类活动，特别是人类起源开始后对区域的发展、大发现与自然利用文化，其后果对生态系统整个进化过程造成破坏。阿穆尔流域穿越四个国家：俄罗斯联邦、中华人民共和国、蒙古人民共和国与朝鲜人民民主共和国，自然利用负荷特性不同也极为不均匀。整个阿穆尔流域共1，850，000平方公里土地中，俄罗斯部分约占1，003，000平方公里、中国境内约820，000平方公里、蒙古约32，000平方公里、朝鲜只占5平方公里。但流域中人口最密集（约占流域总人口的94%）的地区位于中国境内，生活着750多万人。俄罗斯阿穆尔流域附近居住着不到5百万人口，约占流域总人口的6%不到，蒙古不多于3万人，约占流域总人口的0.3%，朝鲜境内的流域附近基本无长期居住点。俄罗斯境内阿穆尔河流域经济组成部分主要为资源开采工业（矿产开采与矿产少量加工、林业与渔业）、机械，一小部分为农业经济组成。中国境内阿穆尔河流域经济组成为农业经济、石油开采、石油加工、工业生产等。蒙古为牧场牧业。朝鲜则利用率极为低下。综上所述，泛阿穆尔流域人类活动的主要汇集地为中国（人口密度为92人/平方公里）与俄罗斯（人口密度为5人/平方公里），正是在这些区域自然生态系统变革最为明显。
历史上阿穆尔流域大部分为林区，从北部开始的西伯利亚原始林区 ——阴暗针叶林、明亮针叶林以及混合针叶林，到南部的阔叶松林、针叶、阔叶松林，包括产出率最高的杉木-阔叶松林。东南部分拥有举世罕见的综合林木体系——各种不同形式的杉木——阔叶松林，充斥着丰富多彩的动植物种类（乌苏里原始林）。
随着人类对自然利用需求的不断增长，阿穆尔流域大部分地区林业生态系统出现重要的变化：约占俄罗斯境内阿穆尔流域面积的50%，中国境内阿穆尔流域面积的80%。现代森林大多为次生林。原始林区在俄罗斯境内不超过20%，中国境内低于10%。大规模的砍伐，以及伴随而来的火灾造成南部流域仅存部分宽叶松林残余与人工栽种的针叶林，北部则为低产率的速生阔叶林（桦木——阔叶松林、赤杨——阔叶林等），以及恢复缓慢的云杉——阔叶林、黑暗针叶林与混合林残余。植物多样性大大减少，一些远古残留的与地方性的植物（主要为药用与观赏类，如尖叶赤柏松、人参、天麻，远东莲等）已处于消亡的边缘。林业生态系统复杂化速度的实证如：哈巴罗夫斯克州在上世纪60年代保护的植物种类仅为20多种，十年后上升到50类，然后75类、167类，到2003年已增加为399类，约占12%的地方植物种类。上世纪50年代末60年代初期俄罗斯境内阿穆尔河上游与中游森林覆盖面积锐减了25%，1945年时森林面积减少量为10%，而15年以后已经为13.3%。
同时，如果俄罗斯境内阿穆尔河流域森林覆盖率15年内减少了3.3%，中国境内自1949-1962年减少了12.8%，1977-1988年减少至14.1%，1986-2000年减少了47%。俄罗斯境内泛阿穆尔流域林区面积近100年内整体减少了20%左右，看似不多，但林木质量与出产率明显降低。例如：哈巴罗夫斯克州自上世纪90年代起近30年严禁砍伐雪松，在此前提下，雪松林面积减少了2倍，柃木林减少了20%多，云杉林面积减少了10%。在滨海边疆州与中国接壤的地界近40%的林区根本性退化。自1966-2000年这里采伐完所有最好的雪松林，特别是成熟的与过了成熟期的林木，整个杉木——阔叶松林区总面积减少了12%。阿穆尔地区松林的状况与此相同。特别是阿穆尔区西部与赤塔区东部阿穆尔流域上游地区因砍伐与火灾，林区已无法修复，替代的是草类植物，专为退化区。自1983至1993年度，赤塔地区针叶林面积减少了5%。
林业生态系统大规模的变化也造成动物系统明显改变，原始森林传统的动物代表种类数量剧减，比如阿穆尔林猫、猞猁、狼獾、麝、黑鹳、苍鹰、石松鸡、云杉松鸡、黑鹤等物种。有些动物物种已经在阿穆尔河流域消失（红狼、阿穆尔斑羚），有些则处于灭亡的边缘（阿穆尔虎、远东豹）。
产生巨变的不仅是森林生态系统，习惯生活于阿穆尔与它的主要支流：给雅河、布列亚河、松花江、乌苏里江、以及石勒喀河流域、额尔古纳河流域谷地和低洼处，被称为泛阿穆尔流域开放性生物群体系统也遭到严重破坏。农业生产以及人类活动是破坏生态系统的重要原因，其表现为农业烧荒，以及因烧荒引起的火灾，周期性蔓延在此地区的广阔空间。农耕循环导致开放式生物群体系统向典型的农业生物群体系统演变，火灾简化了此过程，并毁灭着开放性生态系统的代表物种，促使其形成稳定的火成稳定群落。对于不同种类的草系群体，也表现出向芦苇以及莎草——芦苇草系群体的火成演变特征，在潮湿地带，也向沼泽草地演变。干旱年份的火灾也导致上游沼泽与沼泽草地暂时发展为艾蒿植物群落，而藜亚科植物群落空间则被柳兰完全替代。
火灾也造成地区典型动物种类的减少或灭绝——狍子、狐狸、远东鹳、红腿朱鹭、日本鹤、白枕鹤、水域与近水鸟类群体等。每年泛阿穆尔流域平均约1，500起森林或草场火灾，囊括约800，000公顷土地，而重灾年份甚至达到几百万公顷的面积（在中国境内约200万公顷，俄罗斯境内1976年超过200万公顷，1998年超过500万公顷）。火灾不仅致使大量动植物死亡，破坏其生存环境，同时也破坏了生态系统的自然功能，影响土壤、气候发展条件，形成特殊的火成系统。 阿穆尔河与其重要支流的水生态系统也发生着极端不良的变化，主要原因为河道与水库污染，污染源来自于工业生产、生活废弃物、农业生产与灰烬对上层水质的污染、不正当的砍伐树木与捕鱼（偷伐偷猎）、大型水利工程和超负荷利用。
根据俄罗斯科学院远东分院水与生态问题研究所、俄罗斯联邦泛阿穆尔区自然保护局数据，阿穆尔河中的污染物中发现：微酸性有机物质、石油产品、酚、氨氮、硝态氮、铁、铜、锌、铅、汞等。其中一些元素在阿穆尔河中的含量已超过最大容许浓度的几十倍。其中持久性有机污染物中最为危险的为含氯有机污染物、其中最具毒性的为多环四氯异构体，属二苯二恶英与二苯并呋喃类，具有诱变性与癌原性的特点。微生物污染指标在阿穆尔河及其支流也居高不下。
未处理以及未完善处理的工业及公共废水排入阿穆尔流域河道及水库的总量，从俄罗斯方面约为80亿立方米/年（其中约60%的污水未经过处理或完善处理），自中国方面排出的污水，根据不同的评估数据，可达150亿立方米/年。只黑龙江一个省（吉林省与内蒙古自治区无官方统计数据）2000年向黑龙江排放的污水总量达到了117亿5千万立方米。
中国境内阿穆尔河流域水污染的另一个重要原因为农田表层冲洗，俄罗斯政府几乎已全面禁止使用除莠剂与杀虫剂，每公顷农田施用量不得超过20-30千克，也大大减少了矿物肥料的使用；中国境内的使用量却在不断增长。1960年中国矿物肥料使用量为8-10千克/公顷，1970年为150千克/公顷，1990年为200千克/公顷。2000年黑龙江省8个县区的矿物肥料使用量为258，615吨，而这些肥料的大部分通过地表冲洗都进入阿穆尔河流域。例如，1991-1998年期间兴凯湖每年流入1752吨化学除氧剂，686吨生化除氧剂，10.8吨可溶性磷，与此同时，每年从火灾发生地还要流入湖区7-8吨灰状元素与合成物。未完善处理的采矿污水给当地河道带来严重（甚至超过最大容许浓度的100多倍）的铜、铅、砷污染，以及金矿场的氰化物污染、砂矿地带各种悬浮液的污染。大型水电站水库（两座位于中国松花江流域，两座位于俄罗斯给雅河流域与布列亚河小范围内）是生物化合物流入下流河段的主要源头，在这些污染的作用下阿穆尔河受到严重污染，按照俄罗斯的评估标准，不同河段受污染程度从3级（中等污染）至6级（严重污染），而评估标准的最高级别为7级。
随之而来的，则是对阿穆尔流域鱼类系统的严重破坏，鱼类的类系成分产生变化：因物种投放鱼类种类由108类增至135类，但鱼类类别结构、主导特性、种类比例、数量和其他繁殖因素都发生根本性的变化。近110年来阿穆尔河流域鱼类储量大为减少：珍贵品种鲑鳟鱼和鲟鱼减少了50-80倍，阿穆尔流域鲑鳟鱼产卵区域只缩小到之前的20%，而其中鲑鳟鱼数量只占10%-15%。鱼类因水质原因死亡的事件也接连不断，但也必须关注到，评估鱼类储量状况的重要的因素之一为不合理的捕捞，过度捕捞，在鱼类产卵区域的大量捕捞与偷猎。
综上所述，泛阿穆尔流域地区的自然生态体系在近百多年来遭受到人类活动的严重与全面的破坏，并使得生物群体承受不良后果。不仅水生态体系，陆地的生态体系也发生了根本性的变革。具有区域特征性的动植物群体数量大大减少，某些动植物群体已处于消亡的边缘或者已经从区域生物群体中消失。现有的自然保护体制与措施已难以保障自然生态系统可持续的运行，并防止其退化，促进自我修复。必须制定综合措施，参考区域社会、生态、经济发展的需求，实施生态化的自然利用。
Human Activities Cause Ecosystem Change in Amur River Delta Basin—— "The Ecological Problems Can Only Be solved within the framework of Integrated Program Regional Social Ecological Economy Development "
Written by Voronov. B. A
The ecosystem of Amur River Delta Basin has been seriously and extensively damaged by human activities， and the ecological groups have suffered from the consequences. Not only water ecosystem， but also the terrestrial ecosystems have fundamental reform. The quantity of groups of animals and plants with regional characteristic has reduced dramatically， and some groups of animals and plants are next to extinction or have disappeared from regional biological groups.
Amur River Delta Basin has extensive inhomogeneity， which is based on its natural conditions， especially the random inhomogeneities， characteristics of biological diversity， its spatial distribution characteristics and so on. The periodicity appears in the extreme or abnormal phenomena （catastrophic floods， draughts， extreme coldness and so on） of nature when it evolves， and does not destroy the ecological groups fundamentally， or damage the relationship between the natural integrity which comes into being in the history and its separate components， and the mega-ecosystem of Amur River Basin has not had obvious changes. These natural phenomena have merely caused seasonal， long-term or inter-component fluctuations within the ecosystem， and the fundamental parameter or function does not change. Long-term and large-scale human activities are complete different， especially the development of regions， the great discovery and the civilization of utilizing nature after the human origin begins， whose consequence is the damage to the whole evolving process of ecosystem. Amur River Basin has crossed four countries： the Russian Federation， People’s Republic of China， Mongolian People’s Republic and Democratic People’s Republic of Korea， its natural utilization has different loading characteristics which are uneven. The whole Amur River Basin occupies 1850000 square kilometers， among which Russia occupies 1003000 square kilometers， China occupies 820000 square kilometers， Mongolia occupies 32000 square kilometers and North Korea only occupies 5 square kilometers. But the area with the highest density of people （accounting for 94% of the population of the total basin） is located in China， with a number of 7.5 million people living on it. The number of people who live in the Amur River Basin in Russia is less than 5 million， making up less than 6% of the total number of the whole basin. The number of Mongolia is less than 30000， accounting for 0.3% of the total population， while there is almost no long term residence in the basin in North Korea. The economy of Amur River Basin in Russia consists of resource exploiting industry （mineral exploiting， a small number of mineral processing， forestry and fishery）， machinery and a small proportion of agricultural economy. The economy of Amur River Basin in China consists of agricultural economy， petroleum exploiting， petroleum processing and industrial production. In Mongolia it is farm husbandry， while in North Korea the utilization rate is very low. A conclusion can be drawn from above that the main human activities in the Amur River Delta Basin concentrate in China （population density： 92 people/ square kilometer） and Russia （population density： 5 people/ square kilometer） and it is in these areas where the change of ecology is the most obvious.
In the history most of the Amur River Basin was forest， from the Siberian virgin forest area， dark coniferous forest， bright coniferous forest and mixed coniferous forest in the north， to the broad-leaved forest and coniferous-broad leaved forest in the south， including the fir-broad leaved forest with highest yield. The southeast part has the rare mixed forest system-various forms of fir- broad leaved forests， which are full of rich animal and plant species （Ussuri virgin forest）. With the demand of natural utilization of people increasing， the forest system in most parts of the Amur River Basin shows important transformation： it accounts for 50% of the Amur River Basin in Russia， and 80% of that in China. Most of the modern forests are secondary forests. Virgin forests account for less than 20% in Russia and less than 10% in China. Large-scale felling and the following fires have caused the consequence that only some remaining broad leaved pine forests and coniferous forests planted by man are in the southern basin and some low-yield pyrogenic broad leaved forests （birth- broad leaved forest， alder- broad leaved forest and so on）， and some slowly recovering spruce broad leaved forests， dark coniferous forest and mixed coniferous forest in the north. The variety of plants has reduced greatly， and some relicts and endemic plants （mainly for medicine and appreciation， such as yew， ginseng， gastrodia elata， nelumbo komarovii and so on） are next to extinction. There are some proofs of the complication of ecosystem： in 1960s， there were merely 20 species of protected plants in Khabarovsk state， while ten years later， the number became 50， and 75， 167… to 2003 there were 399 species， accounting for 12% of the regional plants. In the late 50s to early 60 last century， the forest coverage of the upstream and midstream of the Amur River Basin in Russia has reduced sharply by 25%， and by 1945 the area of forest has reduced to 10%， and 15 years late it rose to 13.3%.
Meanwhile， the forest coverage of the Amur River Basin in Russia has reduced by 3.3% in 15 years， and that in China has reduced by 12.8% from 1949 to 1962， reduced to 14.1% from 1977 to 1988， and reduced by 47% from 1986 to 2000. The forest area of the Amur River Basin in Russia has reduced by about 20% in the past century as a whole. The number does not seem to be large， but the quantity and yield of forest has decreased. For example， Khabarovsk state prohibited felling of cedar in the 30 years started from 1990s， even so， the area of cedar has reduced by 50%， fraxinus has reduced by 20% and fir-wood has reduced by 10%. The forest on the border of state Primorsky and China has degraded by 40%. From 1966 to 2000 all the best cedar forests were felled here， especially the mature and over-mature forests， and the total area of the fir-broad leaved forests has reduced by 12%. The situation of pine forest in Amur region is similar. Especially the upper stream of Amur River in the west of Amur and east of Chita region， due to felling and fires， the forest cannot be renovated and it has become a degradation area with grasses. From 1983 to 1993， the area of coniferous forests in Chita region has decreased by 5%. The large-scale change of forest ecological system has lead to the dramatic changes of animal systems. The number of traditional representatives of animals of the forest has reduced dramatically， for example， Amur oncifelisgeoffroyi， lynx， wolverines， musk-deer， stork， goshawk， stone grouse， spruce grouse， black crane and so on. Some animal species have disappeared from the Amur River Basin （red wolf and Amur goral） while some are next to extinction （Amur tiger and Amur leopard）.
Changes cannot only be seen in the forest ecological system， but also the Amur River and its main branches： Zaya River， Bureya River， Songhua River， Ussuri River， Shilka River Basin， Argun River Basin， valley and low-lying parts， wich is known as the open biocenose system of Amur River Delta Basin has also suffered from serious damage. Agricultural production and human activities is an important cause of the damage of ecological system， indicated by burning the wasteland for agricultural use and fires caused by it spread in the wide space in this area periodically. Agricultural cycles make open biocenose system evolves to typical agrocenosis system， and fires simplify the process， destruct the representative species of open biocenose， prompting the formation of pyrogenic sustainable community. Different types of grass cenosis also demonstrate pyrogenic evolving characteristics to reed and sedge reed cenosis， and evolving characteristics to marsh meadow in the humid area. In some year with draught， fires often make swamp and marsh meadow in the upstream transform into wormwood phytobiocoenose temporarily， while the space of chenopodioideae phytobiocoenose has been completely replaced by chamerion angustifolium.
Fires have also resulted in the decrease or extinction of typical animal species - roe， fox， Amur crane， red legged ibis and Japanese crane and white napped crane， water and birds groups which live near water. Every year the Amur River Basin sees 1500 forest or grassland fires， covering about 800000 hectares of land， sometimes millions of hectares one year （about 2000000 hectares within the territory of China， over 2000000 hectares within the territory of Russia in 1976， and over 5000000 hectares in 1998）. Fires not only cause deaths of lots of animals and plants and damage their living environment， but also destroy the natural function of ecosystem and affect the development conditions of soil and climate， creating a special pyrogenic system.
The water ecological system of the Amur River and its important branches are experiencing extremely bad changes， whose main cause is the pollution of the reservoir as a result of the industrial production， waste of life， agricultural production， pollution of ash to the surface of water， illegal fell and fishing （secret tree-felling and poaching）， large-scale water conservancy projects and overloading utilization. According to the statistics of Institute for Water and Ecological Problems， Far Eastern Branch， Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Federal Natural Protection Bureau of Amur Region， the pollutants of the Amur River include： slightly acid organic substances， petroleum product， phenol， ammonia nitrogen， nitrate nitrogen， iron， copper， zinc， lead， mercury and so on. The content of some elements has exceeds dozens of times of the maximum permissible concentration（MPC）. Among them， the most dangerous one is persistent organic pollutants（POP）， and its polycyclic tetrachlorosomes， which belongs to dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans， is the most toxic， with the characteristics of mutagenic and carcinogenic. The indicators of microbial of the Amur River and its branches are also very high.
The number of unprocessed or not perfectly processed industrial and public sewage discharged into the Amur River Basin is about 8 billion cubic meters （60% of which is unprocessed or not perfectly processed） per year from Russia and the number of that of China， according to different evaluation data， can be up to 15 billion cubic meters per year. Heilongjiang Province alone （Jilin Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region do not have official statistics） discharged 11.75 billion cubic meters to Heilongjiang River in 2000.
Another important cause of the water pollution of the Amur River Basin in China is surface irrigation of farmland. The Russian government has prohibited the adoption of herbicides and insecticides， and every hectare can only adopt 20 to 30 kilograms， and the utilization of mineral fertilizer has reduced greatly； however， in China the quantity increases continuously. In China， 8 to 10 kilograms of mineral fertilizer per hectare are adopted in 1960， 150 in 1960 and 200 in 1990. In 2000， eight counties in Heilongjiang Province used 258615 tons of mineral fertilizer， most of which enters into the Amur River Basin through surface irrigation. For example， between 1991 to 1998， 1752 tons of Chemical oxygen scavengers（COS）， 686 tons of Biochemical oxygen scavengers（BOS）and 10.8 tons of soluble phosphorus flew into the Hanka Lake， meanwhile， every year 7 to 8 tons of ash like elements and compounds enter into the lake district. Not perfectly processed mining sewage brings serious pollution （even 100 times more than the MPC） to the local river， including copper， lead， arsenic， cyanide pollution in gold mine and various suspension pollution in placer. Large-scale hydropower station reservoir （two are located in the Songhua River Basin in China and two are located in the small area between the Zeya River Basin and the Bureya River Basin） is the main source of the biological compounds which flow into the downstream. With these pollutions， the Amur River is seriously polluted. According to the evaluation standards of Russia， the degree of pollution of different sections ranges from level 3 （intermediate pollution） to level 6 （serious pollution）， while the highest level of the evaluation standards is level 7. What follows is the serious damage to the ichthyologic complex of the Amur River Basin， and faunal composition of it changes： due to species putting in the species of fishes rise from 108 to 135， but the structure of population， character of dominance， species ratio， quantity and other population parameters have had fundamental changes. In the past 110 years the reserves of fish of the Amur River Basin has decreased dramatically： the precious trout and sturgeon has decreased by 50% to 80%， the spawning area of the trout has reduced to 20% of the previous area where the number of trout only accounts for 10% to 15%. There are many cases that fish die of water with poor quality， but it should be noticed that one of the important factors of evaluating the reserves of fish is injudicious hunting， overfishing， excessive fishing and poaching in spawning areas.
A conclusion can be drawn from above that the natural ecosystem of Amur River Delta Basin has suffered from overall damage of human activities in the past century and lead to bad consequences of ecological groups. Not only water ecosystem but also terrestrial ecosystems have experienced fundamental change. The animal and plant groups with regional characteristics have reduced dramatically， and some groups of animals and plants are next to extinction or have disappeared from regional biological groups. The existing natural protecting system and measures can rarely guarantee the sustainable operating of natural ecosystem， prevent its degradation or promote self-renovation. Comprehensive measures must be maken and ecologicalization of natural utilization should be done according to the needs of regional society， ecology and ecological development.
Voronov. B. A. is a Corresponding Member， and Director of Institute for Water and Ecological Problems， Far Eastern Branch， Russian Academy of Sciences， Doctor of Biological Science and famous scholar in geography and ecology domain.
（作者沃伦诺夫·B·A，系俄罗斯科学院通讯院士，俄罗斯科学院远东分院水与生态问题研究所所长，生物科学博士，俄罗斯生物地理学与生态学领域知名学者）
泛阿穆尔流域的自然生态系统具有广泛的多相性，这是建立在当地自然条件的前提下，尤其是具有自然条件下生物的随机多样性、生物多样性特征与其空间分布特点等。周期性出现在自然进化过程中的自然界极端或反常现象（灾害性洪水、旱灾、极端寒冬等），并没有对生物群体产生根本性破坏，未破坏其历史形成的自然综合体与单独组成部分之间的关系、阿穆尔流域整个大生物系统也未发生明显的变革。在这些自然现象的作用下只引起生态系统内部微小的或季节性或多年性或组成部分之间的波动，不改变整个生态系统的基本参数与机能。
完全不同的是，长期、大规模的人类活动，特别是人类起源开始后对区域的发展、大发现与自然利用文化，其后果对生态系统整个进化过程造成破坏。阿穆尔流域穿越四个国家：俄罗斯联邦、中华人民共和国、蒙古人民共和国与朝鲜人民民主共和国，自然利用负荷特性不同也极为不均匀。整个阿穆尔流域共1，850，000平方公里土地中，俄罗斯部分约占1，003，000平方公里、中国境内约820，000平方公里、蒙古约32，000平方公里、朝鲜只占5平方公里。但流域中人口最密集（约占流域总人口的94%）的地区位于中国境内，生活着750多万人。俄罗斯阿穆尔流域附近居住着不到5百万人口，约占流域总人口的6%不到，蒙古不多于3万人，约占流域总人口的0.3%，朝鲜境内的流域附近基本无长期居住点。俄罗斯境内阿穆尔河流域经济组成部分主要为资源开采工业（矿产开采与矿产少量加工、林业与渔业）、机械，一小部分为农业经济组成。中国境内阿穆尔河流域经济组成为农业经济、石油开采、石油加工、工业生产等。蒙古为牧场牧业。朝鲜则利用率极为低下。综上所述，泛阿穆尔流域人类活动的主要汇集地为中国（人口密度为92人/平方公里）与俄罗斯（人口密度为5人/平方公里），正是在这些区域自然生态系统变革最为明显。
历史上阿穆尔流域大部分为林区，从北部开始的西伯利亚原始林区 ——阴暗针叶林、明亮针叶林以及混合针叶林，到南部的阔叶松林、针叶、阔叶松林，包括产出率最高的杉木-阔叶松林。东南部分拥有举世罕见的综合林木体系——各种不同形式的杉木——阔叶松林，充斥着丰富多彩的动植物种类（乌苏里原始林）。
随着人类对自然利用需求的不断增长，阿穆尔流域大部分地区林业生态系统出现重要的变化：约占俄罗斯境内阿穆尔流域面积的50%，中国境内阿穆尔流域面积的80%。现代森林大多为次生林。原始林区在俄罗斯境内不超过20%，中国境内低于10%。大规模的砍伐，以及伴随而来的火灾造成南部流域仅存部分宽叶松林残余与人工栽种的针叶林，北部则为低产率的速生阔叶林（桦木——阔叶松林、赤杨——阔叶林等），以及恢复缓慢的云杉——阔叶林、黑暗针叶林与混合林残余。植物多样性大大减少，一些远古残留的与地方性的植物（主要为药用与观赏类，如尖叶赤柏松、人参、天麻，远东莲等）已处于消亡的边缘。林业生态系统复杂化速度的实证如：哈巴罗夫斯克州在上世纪60年代保护的植物种类仅为20多种，十年后上升到50类，然后75类、167类，到2003年已增加为399类，约占12%的地方植物种类。上世纪50年代末60年代初期俄罗斯境内阿穆尔河上游与中游森林覆盖面积锐减了25%，1945年时森林面积减少量为10%，而15年以后已经为13.3%。
同时，如果俄罗斯境内阿穆尔河流域森林覆盖率15年内减少了3.3%，中国境内自1949-1962年减少了12.8%，1977-1988年减少至14.1%，1986-2000年减少了47%。俄罗斯境内泛阿穆尔流域林区面积近100年内整体减少了20%左右，看似不多，但林木质量与出产率明显降低。例如：哈巴罗夫斯克州自上世纪90年代起近30年严禁砍伐雪松，在此前提下，雪松林面积减少了2倍，柃木林减少了20%多，云杉林面积减少了10%。在滨海边疆州与中国接壤的地界近40%的林区根本性退化。自1966-2000年这里采伐完所有最好的雪松林，特别是成熟的与过了成熟期的林木，整个杉木——阔叶松林区总面积减少了12%。阿穆尔地区松林的状况与此相同。特别是阿穆尔区西部与赤塔区东部阿穆尔流域上游地区因砍伐与火灾，林区已无法修复，替代的是草类植物，专为退化区。自1983至1993年度，赤塔地区针叶林面积减少了5%。
林业生态系统大规模的变化也造成动物系统明显改变，原始森林传统的动物代表种类数量剧减，比如阿穆尔林猫、猞猁、狼獾、麝、黑鹳、苍鹰、石松鸡、云杉松鸡、黑鹤等物种。有些动物物种已经在阿穆尔河流域消失（红狼、阿穆尔斑羚），有些则处于灭亡的边缘（阿穆尔虎、远东豹）。
产生巨变的不仅是森林生态系统，习惯生活于阿穆尔与它的主要支流：给雅河、布列亚河、松花江、乌苏里江、以及石勒喀河流域、额尔古纳河流域谷地和低洼处，被称为泛阿穆尔流域开放性生物群体系统也遭到严重破坏。农业生产以及人类活动是破坏生态系统的重要原因，其表现为农业烧荒，以及因烧荒引起的火灾，周期性蔓延在此地区的广阔空间。农耕循环导致开放式生物群体系统向典型的农业生物群体系统演变，火灾简化了此过程，并毁灭着开放性生态系统的代表物种，促使其形成稳定的火成稳定群落。对于不同种类的草系群体，也表现出向芦苇以及莎草——芦苇草系群体的火成演变特征，在潮湿地带，也向沼泽草地演变。干旱年份的火灾也导致上游沼泽与沼泽草地暂时发展为艾蒿植物群落，而藜亚科植物群落空间则被柳兰完全替代。
火灾也造成地区典型动物种类的减少或灭绝——狍子、狐狸、远东鹳、红腿朱鹭、日本鹤、白枕鹤、水域与近水鸟类群体等。每年泛阿穆尔流域平均约1，500起森林或草场火灾，囊括约800，000公顷土地，而重灾年份甚至达到几百万公顷的面积（在中国境内约200万公顷，俄罗斯境内1976年超过200万公顷，1998年超过500万公顷）。火灾不仅致使大量动植物死亡，破坏其生存环境，同时也破坏了生态系统的自然功能，影响土壤、气候发展条件，形成特殊的火成系统。 阿穆尔河与其重要支流的水生态系统也发生着极端不良的变化，主要原因为河道与水库污染，污染源来自于工业生产、生活废弃物、农业生产与灰烬对上层水质的污染、不正当的砍伐树木与捕鱼（偷伐偷猎）、大型水利工程和超负荷利用。
根据俄罗斯科学院远东分院水与生态问题研究所、俄罗斯联邦泛阿穆尔区自然保护局数据，阿穆尔河中的污染物中发现：微酸性有机物质、石油产品、酚、氨氮、硝态氮、铁、铜、锌、铅、汞等。其中一些元素在阿穆尔河中的含量已超过最大容许浓度的几十倍。其中持久性有机污染物中最为危险的为含氯有机污染物、其中最具毒性的为多环四氯异构体，属二苯二恶英与二苯并呋喃类，具有诱变性与癌原性的特点。微生物污染指标在阿穆尔河及其支流也居高不下。
未处理以及未完善处理的工业及公共废水排入阿穆尔流域河道及水库的总量，从俄罗斯方面约为80亿立方米/年（其中约60%的污水未经过处理或完善处理），自中国方面排出的污水，根据不同的评估数据，可达150亿立方米/年。只黑龙江一个省（吉林省与内蒙古自治区无官方统计数据）2000年向黑龙江排放的污水总量达到了117亿5千万立方米。
中国境内阿穆尔河流域水污染的另一个重要原因为农田表层冲洗，俄罗斯政府几乎已全面禁止使用除莠剂与杀虫剂，每公顷农田施用量不得超过20-30千克，也大大减少了矿物肥料的使用；中国境内的使用量却在不断增长。1960年中国矿物肥料使用量为8-10千克/公顷，1970年为150千克/公顷，1990年为200千克/公顷。2000年黑龙江省8个县区的矿物肥料使用量为258，615吨，而这些肥料的大部分通过地表冲洗都进入阿穆尔河流域。例如，1991-1998年期间兴凯湖每年流入1752吨化学除氧剂，686吨生化除氧剂，10.8吨可溶性磷，与此同时，每年从火灾发生地还要流入湖区7-8吨灰状元素与合成物。未完善处理的采矿污水给当地河道带来严重（甚至超过最大容许浓度的100多倍）的铜、铅、砷污染，以及金矿场的氰化物污染、砂矿地带各种悬浮液的污染。大型水电站水库（两座位于中国松花江流域，两座位于俄罗斯给雅河流域与布列亚河小范围内）是生物化合物流入下流河段的主要源头，在这些污染的作用下阿穆尔河受到严重污染，按照俄罗斯的评估标准，不同河段受污染程度从3级（中等污染）至6级（严重污染），而评估标准的最高级别为7级。
随之而来的，则是对阿穆尔流域鱼类系统的严重破坏，鱼类的类系成分产生变化：因物种投放鱼类种类由108类增至135类，但鱼类类别结构、主导特性、种类比例、数量和其他繁殖因素都发生根本性的变化。近110年来阿穆尔河流域鱼类储量大为减少：珍贵品种鲑鳟鱼和鲟鱼减少了50-80倍，阿穆尔流域鲑鳟鱼产卵区域只缩小到之前的20%，而其中鲑鳟鱼数量只占10%-15%。鱼类因水质原因死亡的事件也接连不断，但也必须关注到，评估鱼类储量状况的重要的因素之一为不合理的捕捞，过度捕捞，在鱼类产卵区域的大量捕捞与偷猎。
综上所述，泛阿穆尔流域地区的自然生态体系在近百多年来遭受到人类活动的严重与全面的破坏，并使得生物群体承受不良后果。不仅水生态体系，陆地的生态体系也发生了根本性的变革。具有区域特征性的动植物群体数量大大减少，某些动植物群体已处于消亡的边缘或者已经从区域生物群体中消失。现有的自然保护体制与措施已难以保障自然生态系统可持续的运行，并防止其退化，促进自我修复。必须制定综合措施，参考区域社会、生态、经济发展的需求，实施生态化的自然利用。
Human Activities Cause Ecosystem Change in Amur River Delta Basin—— "The Ecological Problems Can Only Be solved within the framework of Integrated Program Regional Social Ecological Economy Development "
Written by Voronov. B. A
The ecosystem of Amur River Delta Basin has been seriously and extensively damaged by human activities， and the ecological groups have suffered from the consequences. Not only water ecosystem， but also the terrestrial ecosystems have fundamental reform. The quantity of groups of animals and plants with regional characteristic has reduced dramatically， and some groups of animals and plants are next to extinction or have disappeared from regional biological groups.
Amur River Delta Basin has extensive inhomogeneity， which is based on its natural conditions， especially the random inhomogeneities， characteristics of biological diversity， its spatial distribution characteristics and so on. The periodicity appears in the extreme or abnormal phenomena （catastrophic floods， draughts， extreme coldness and so on） of nature when it evolves， and does not destroy the ecological groups fundamentally， or damage the relationship between the natural integrity which comes into being in the history and its separate components， and the mega-ecosystem of Amur River Basin has not had obvious changes. These natural phenomena have merely caused seasonal， long-term or inter-component fluctuations within the ecosystem， and the fundamental parameter or function does not change. Long-term and large-scale human activities are complete different， especially the development of regions， the great discovery and the civilization of utilizing nature after the human origin begins， whose consequence is the damage to the whole evolving process of ecosystem. Amur River Basin has crossed four countries： the Russian Federation， People’s Republic of China， Mongolian People’s Republic and Democratic People’s Republic of Korea， its natural utilization has different loading characteristics which are uneven. The whole Amur River Basin occupies 1850000 square kilometers， among which Russia occupies 1003000 square kilometers， China occupies 820000 square kilometers， Mongolia occupies 32000 square kilometers and North Korea only occupies 5 square kilometers. But the area with the highest density of people （accounting for 94% of the population of the total basin） is located in China， with a number of 7.5 million people living on it. The number of people who live in the Amur River Basin in Russia is less than 5 million， making up less than 6% of the total number of the whole basin. The number of Mongolia is less than 30000， accounting for 0.3% of the total population， while there is almost no long term residence in the basin in North Korea. The economy of Amur River Basin in Russia consists of resource exploiting industry （mineral exploiting， a small number of mineral processing， forestry and fishery）， machinery and a small proportion of agricultural economy. The economy of Amur River Basin in China consists of agricultural economy， petroleum exploiting， petroleum processing and industrial production. In Mongolia it is farm husbandry， while in North Korea the utilization rate is very low. A conclusion can be drawn from above that the main human activities in the Amur River Delta Basin concentrate in China （population density： 92 people/ square kilometer） and Russia （population density： 5 people/ square kilometer） and it is in these areas where the change of ecology is the most obvious.
In the history most of the Amur River Basin was forest， from the Siberian virgin forest area， dark coniferous forest， bright coniferous forest and mixed coniferous forest in the north， to the broad-leaved forest and coniferous-broad leaved forest in the south， including the fir-broad leaved forest with highest yield. The southeast part has the rare mixed forest system-various forms of fir- broad leaved forests， which are full of rich animal and plant species （Ussuri virgin forest）. With the demand of natural utilization of people increasing， the forest system in most parts of the Amur River Basin shows important transformation： it accounts for 50% of the Amur River Basin in Russia， and 80% of that in China. Most of the modern forests are secondary forests. Virgin forests account for less than 20% in Russia and less than 10% in China. Large-scale felling and the following fires have caused the consequence that only some remaining broad leaved pine forests and coniferous forests planted by man are in the southern basin and some low-yield pyrogenic broad leaved forests （birth- broad leaved forest， alder- broad leaved forest and so on）， and some slowly recovering spruce broad leaved forests， dark coniferous forest and mixed coniferous forest in the north. The variety of plants has reduced greatly， and some relicts and endemic plants （mainly for medicine and appreciation， such as yew， ginseng， gastrodia elata， nelumbo komarovii and so on） are next to extinction. There are some proofs of the complication of ecosystem： in 1960s， there were merely 20 species of protected plants in Khabarovsk state， while ten years later， the number became 50， and 75， 167… to 2003 there were 399 species， accounting for 12% of the regional plants. In the late 50s to early 60 last century， the forest coverage of the upstream and midstream of the Amur River Basin in Russia has reduced sharply by 25%， and by 1945 the area of forest has reduced to 10%， and 15 years late it rose to 13.3%.
Meanwhile， the forest coverage of the Amur River Basin in Russia has reduced by 3.3% in 15 years， and that in China has reduced by 12.8% from 1949 to 1962， reduced to 14.1% from 1977 to 1988， and reduced by 47% from 1986 to 2000. The forest area of the Amur River Basin in Russia has reduced by about 20% in the past century as a whole. The number does not seem to be large， but the quantity and yield of forest has decreased. For example， Khabarovsk state prohibited felling of cedar in the 30 years started from 1990s， even so， the area of cedar has reduced by 50%， fraxinus has reduced by 20% and fir-wood has reduced by 10%. The forest on the border of state Primorsky and China has degraded by 40%. From 1966 to 2000 all the best cedar forests were felled here， especially the mature and over-mature forests， and the total area of the fir-broad leaved forests has reduced by 12%. The situation of pine forest in Amur region is similar. Especially the upper stream of Amur River in the west of Amur and east of Chita region， due to felling and fires， the forest cannot be renovated and it has become a degradation area with grasses. From 1983 to 1993， the area of coniferous forests in Chita region has decreased by 5%. The large-scale change of forest ecological system has lead to the dramatic changes of animal systems. The number of traditional representatives of animals of the forest has reduced dramatically， for example， Amur oncifelisgeoffroyi， lynx， wolverines， musk-deer， stork， goshawk， stone grouse， spruce grouse， black crane and so on. Some animal species have disappeared from the Amur River Basin （red wolf and Amur goral） while some are next to extinction （Amur tiger and Amur leopard）.
Changes cannot only be seen in the forest ecological system， but also the Amur River and its main branches： Zaya River， Bureya River， Songhua River， Ussuri River， Shilka River Basin， Argun River Basin， valley and low-lying parts， wich is known as the open biocenose system of Amur River Delta Basin has also suffered from serious damage. Agricultural production and human activities is an important cause of the damage of ecological system， indicated by burning the wasteland for agricultural use and fires caused by it spread in the wide space in this area periodically. Agricultural cycles make open biocenose system evolves to typical agrocenosis system， and fires simplify the process， destruct the representative species of open biocenose， prompting the formation of pyrogenic sustainable community. Different types of grass cenosis also demonstrate pyrogenic evolving characteristics to reed and sedge reed cenosis， and evolving characteristics to marsh meadow in the humid area. In some year with draught， fires often make swamp and marsh meadow in the upstream transform into wormwood phytobiocoenose temporarily， while the space of chenopodioideae phytobiocoenose has been completely replaced by chamerion angustifolium.
Fires have also resulted in the decrease or extinction of typical animal species - roe， fox， Amur crane， red legged ibis and Japanese crane and white napped crane， water and birds groups which live near water. Every year the Amur River Basin sees 1500 forest or grassland fires， covering about 800000 hectares of land， sometimes millions of hectares one year （about 2000000 hectares within the territory of China， over 2000000 hectares within the territory of Russia in 1976， and over 5000000 hectares in 1998）. Fires not only cause deaths of lots of animals and plants and damage their living environment， but also destroy the natural function of ecosystem and affect the development conditions of soil and climate， creating a special pyrogenic system.
The water ecological system of the Amur River and its important branches are experiencing extremely bad changes， whose main cause is the pollution of the reservoir as a result of the industrial production， waste of life， agricultural production， pollution of ash to the surface of water， illegal fell and fishing （secret tree-felling and poaching）， large-scale water conservancy projects and overloading utilization. According to the statistics of Institute for Water and Ecological Problems， Far Eastern Branch， Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Federal Natural Protection Bureau of Amur Region， the pollutants of the Amur River include： slightly acid organic substances， petroleum product， phenol， ammonia nitrogen， nitrate nitrogen， iron， copper， zinc， lead， mercury and so on. The content of some elements has exceeds dozens of times of the maximum permissible concentration（MPC）. Among them， the most dangerous one is persistent organic pollutants（POP）， and its polycyclic tetrachlorosomes， which belongs to dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans， is the most toxic， with the characteristics of mutagenic and carcinogenic. The indicators of microbial of the Amur River and its branches are also very high.
The number of unprocessed or not perfectly processed industrial and public sewage discharged into the Amur River Basin is about 8 billion cubic meters （60% of which is unprocessed or not perfectly processed） per year from Russia and the number of that of China， according to different evaluation data， can be up to 15 billion cubic meters per year. Heilongjiang Province alone （Jilin Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region do not have official statistics） discharged 11.75 billion cubic meters to Heilongjiang River in 2000.
Another important cause of the water pollution of the Amur River Basin in China is surface irrigation of farmland. The Russian government has prohibited the adoption of herbicides and insecticides， and every hectare can only adopt 20 to 30 kilograms， and the utilization of mineral fertilizer has reduced greatly； however， in China the quantity increases continuously. In China， 8 to 10 kilograms of mineral fertilizer per hectare are adopted in 1960， 150 in 1960 and 200 in 1990. In 2000， eight counties in Heilongjiang Province used 258615 tons of mineral fertilizer， most of which enters into the Amur River Basin through surface irrigation. For example， between 1991 to 1998， 1752 tons of Chemical oxygen scavengers（COS）， 686 tons of Biochemical oxygen scavengers（BOS）and 10.8 tons of soluble phosphorus flew into the Hanka Lake， meanwhile， every year 7 to 8 tons of ash like elements and compounds enter into the lake district. Not perfectly processed mining sewage brings serious pollution （even 100 times more than the MPC） to the local river， including copper， lead， arsenic， cyanide pollution in gold mine and various suspension pollution in placer. Large-scale hydropower station reservoir （two are located in the Songhua River Basin in China and two are located in the small area between the Zeya River Basin and the Bureya River Basin） is the main source of the biological compounds which flow into the downstream. With these pollutions， the Amur River is seriously polluted. According to the evaluation standards of Russia， the degree of pollution of different sections ranges from level 3 （intermediate pollution） to level 6 （serious pollution）， while the highest level of the evaluation standards is level 7. What follows is the serious damage to the ichthyologic complex of the Amur River Basin， and faunal composition of it changes： due to species putting in the species of fishes rise from 108 to 135， but the structure of population， character of dominance， species ratio， quantity and other population parameters have had fundamental changes. In the past 110 years the reserves of fish of the Amur River Basin has decreased dramatically： the precious trout and sturgeon has decreased by 50% to 80%， the spawning area of the trout has reduced to 20% of the previous area where the number of trout only accounts for 10% to 15%. There are many cases that fish die of water with poor quality， but it should be noticed that one of the important factors of evaluating the reserves of fish is injudicious hunting， overfishing， excessive fishing and poaching in spawning areas.
A conclusion can be drawn from above that the natural ecosystem of Amur River Delta Basin has suffered from overall damage of human activities in the past century and lead to bad consequences of ecological groups. Not only water ecosystem but also terrestrial ecosystems have experienced fundamental change. The animal and plant groups with regional characteristics have reduced dramatically， and some groups of animals and plants are next to extinction or have disappeared from regional biological groups. The existing natural protecting system and measures can rarely guarantee the sustainable operating of natural ecosystem， prevent its degradation or promote self-renovation. Comprehensive measures must be maken and ecologicalization of natural utilization should be done according to the needs of regional society， ecology and ecological development.
Voronov. B. A. is a Corresponding Member， and Director of Institute for Water and Ecological Problems， Far Eastern Branch， Russian Academy of Sciences， Doctor of Biological Science and famous scholar in geography and ecology domain.
（作者沃伦诺夫·B·A，系俄罗斯科学院通讯院士，俄罗斯科学院远东分院水与生态问题研究所所长，生物科学博士，俄罗斯生物地理学与生态学领域知名学者）