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目的了解我国部分地区农村集中式供水设施的基本情况和卫生管理状况。方法根据地区代表性原则,于2014年按分层随机抽样的方法调查了6个省(市)的403座农村集中式供水单位的供水工艺和卫生管理状况。结果 403座水厂中,日供水规模小于1 000 m3/d的占79.4%(320/403),有54.8%(221/403)的水厂不具备任何处理工艺,有81.6%(329/403)的水厂未开展水质检测,有60.5%(244/403)的水厂无消毒设施;农村水厂卫生许可持证率为25.3%(102/403),且不同规模及地区的持证率不同;取得卫生许可证的水厂中有31.4%(32/102)不具备任何处理工艺,42.2%(43/102)未开展水质检测,21.6%(22/102)无消毒设施;有水质检测报告的水厂中有22.9%(22/96)出厂水检测结果不合格。结论持有卫生许可证水厂的卫生管理情况较好,但仍存在处理工艺不完整、无水质检测能力、缺少涉水产品卫生批件和水质合格率低等情况。应制定针对农村水厂特点的卫生许可技术标准并建立风险管理机制,以提高农村水厂卫生管理效果。
Objective To understand the basic conditions and health management of rural centralized water supply facilities in some areas in China. Methods According to the principle of regional representation, in 2014, stratified random sampling method was used to survey the water supply technology and health management status of 403 rural centralized water supply units in 6 provinces (cities). Results Of the 403 water plants, the daily water supply scale was less than 1 000 m3 / d, accounting for 79.4% (320/403), 54.8% (221/403) of the water plants did not have any treatment process, and 81.6% (329/403 ) Did not carry out water quality testing, 60.5% (244/403) of the water plants without disinfection facilities; rural water plant hygiene permit certification rate was 25.3% (102/403), and different sizes and regions of the certificate rate 31.4% (32/102) did not have any treatment process, 42.2% (43/102) did not carry out water quality testing, 21.6% (22/102) did not have disinfection facilities, and water quality testing Of the reported water plants, 22.9% (22/96) of the factory water test results failed. Conclusion Hygienic permits are good for hygienic management of water plants, but there are still cases of incomplete treatment, no water quality testing, lack of hygienic approval of wading products and low pass rate of water quality. Should be formulated for the characteristics of rural water plant health permits technical standards and the establishment of risk management mechanisms to improve the effectiveness of rural water plant health management.