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一、词语例解
1． conflict
n. 冲突；抵触；不一致；分歧（a clash between ideas, feelings, etc.; a disagreement）
This is an irreconcilable conflict.这是一个不可调和的矛盾。
Armed conflict is likely to break out between the two countries.这两国间有可能发生武装冲突。
vi. 矛盾, 冲突（be opposed to; differ in thought and action from）
The hours of the two meetings conflict.这两个会议时间有冲突。
Your request conflicts with my duties. 你的请求与我的职责相抵触。
【辨析】 conflict，fight，struggle
都含“战斗”，“斗争”的意思。conflict指“由于严重不一致，而引起抵触或冲突”；fight原义是“打仗”、“战斗”， 指“任何形式的斗争”，特别强调“短兵相接”；struggle本义是“挣扎”，指“克服某种障碍或困难，以达到某种目的”，意味着“处境难”。
【搭配】 come into conflict with与……冲突；与……相矛盾
in conflict with 与……斗争；与……相抵触
make a conflict with 与……作斗争
2． argument
n. (1) 理由；论据 （a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true）
There are many arguments against smoking.有许多理由反对吸烟。
This argument, however, does not hold water.但是，这种观点是站不住脚的。
(2) 说服 （a discussion）
We must settle this by argument but not by fighting.我们应当用说服的方式而不是用打架的方式来解决问题。
(3) 争论；争吵 （quarrel; talk between people with different ideas）
The argument among the two parties was blown up by the press.双方的争论被新闻界夸大了。
We had an argument about politics.我们就政治展开了争论。
【搭配】 get into an argument with与……发生争论fall into an argument with与……发生争论put forward an argument提出论点
【拓展】 argue sb. into (out of) doing sth.说服某人做（不做）……
argue with sb. about / over sth.为某事与某人争吵
argue for sth. 赞成某事argue against sth. 反对某事
3． major
adj. (1) 较大的；较多的；（同姓学生中）较为年长的
The house needs major repairs. 这幢房子需要大修。
Brown major 大布朗
(2) 主要的；重要的；一流的
He is a major writer.他是位大作家。
(3) 主修的
Her major subject is chemistry.她的主修科是化学。
vi. 主修 (+ in)
Alice majors in physics. 艾丽丝主修物理学。
4． purpose
n. (1) 目的；意图（plan; intention;what you are going to do）
He went to town with the purpose of buying a new television. 他进城的目的是买一台新电视机。
What is his purpose in coming back this time? 他这次回来的意图是什么?
His only purpose in life is to help the poor. 他人生的唯一目标是去帮助穷人。
vt. 决意；打算 （have as a purpose）
He purposes to visit South America; later he purposes writing a book on his travels. 他计划去南美游览；后来他打算写一本有关他旅游的书。
The government purposed that the project would be carried out before long. 政府决心不久就开始实行这项工程。
【搭配】 on purpose故意地to the purpose 得要领的；中肯的；合适的 with the purpose of doing sth.为了某事；目的在于做某事
5． symbol
n. 象征；符号；记号 (mark, sign or picture that shows something)
The letter “V” is a symbol of victory. 字母“V”是胜利的象征。
White is the symbol of purity. 白是纯洁的象征。
【辨析】 symbol，signal，mark
Symbol意为“象征；符号”，指有联系的或类似的事物代表其它事物，尤指代表抽象的事物；signal意为“信号”，指一种用作通讯交流的手段，也可指为了警告、命令或报信而发出的信号或暗号；mark意为“痕迹；标记”，指人为地画出点线等作为记号，也指留下的某种痕迹。
二、 短语精析
1. dress up 穿上盛装；打扮；装饰
You don’t need to dress up for this dinner. 你不必为这次宴会而打扮。
She was dressed up in her Sunday best.她身着节日的盛装。
The little girl dressed herself up as an angel. 这个小女孩把自己装扮成天使。
【拓展】 dress oneself / sb. up把某人（自己）打扮起来；给某人（自己）穿衣服
dress up as 装扮成；打扮成
2. have… in common有……共同之处
They found they had a lot in common and got on well. 他们发现他们有很多共同之处，相处得很好。
Although they are twins, they have nothing in common. 虽然他们是双胞胎，却没有一点共同之处。
【拓展】 in common with和……一样
In common with most American people, he enjoys football.他与大多数美国人一样,喜欢橄榄球运动。
3. believe in信仰；信任
I don’t believe in the story. 我不相信这个故事。
We believe in him.我们信任他。
Do you believe in ghosts?你相信有鬼吗?
【辨析】 believe in与believe
Believe指相信某人所说的话或某件事，可接名词、代词、从句等；believe in指信任某人的品质，或信仰某一宗教、真理等，后接名词或代词。
I don’t believe what you have said because I don’t believe in you .我不信你说的话，因为我不信任你。
4. give away赠送；分发；泄露；
She gave away all her money to the poor. 她把钱都送给穷人了。
His accent gave him away as a northerner.他的口音让人听出他是北方人。
Do not give away my secret.不要泄露我的秘密。
【拓展】 give back归还 give in递交；呈送；屈服give off放出；散发出give up投降；停止；放弃give out分发；用尽；公布
6. play a trick on sb.开某人玩笑；欺骗某人
I never thought he played a trick on me.我从没想到他会欺骗我。
Though he knew they were playing a trick on him, he pretended not to notice it. 尽管他知道他们是在捉弄他，可他佯装不知道。
【拓展】 laugh at嘲笑make fun of嘲笑；取笑make a fool of愚弄
7． take in让……进入；接受；欺骗
The club took in a new member last week.俱乐部上星期又吸收了一名新会员。
The salesmen have taken in the old people and lamped them to buy their poor quality goods. 那些售货员欺骗老年人，让他们购买劣质的商品。
【拓展】 take away 拿走 take back 收回 take down 记下来；拿下来take off 脱下（衣服等）；（飞机）起飞
三、句式点睛
1. Kwanzaa is a seven-day festival celebrating the culture and history of African Americans. 宽扎节为期7天，是一个庆祝非裔美洲人的文化与历史的节日。
现在分词短语celebrating the culture and history of African Americans在句中作定语，修饰festival。现在分词短语作定语时通常位于被修饰的名词之后，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作, 与所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系，它在作用上相当于一个定语从句。例如：
The girl standing by her mother（who was standing by her mother） looked very timid. 站在她妈妈旁边的那个女孩看上去很胆小。
The meeting being held (which is being held) now is very important.正在召开的这个会议很重要。
单个现在分词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词前面，如果被修饰的词是something、anything、anyone、everyone 等不定代词，现在分词要放在它们的后面。
This is an exciting story.这是一个令人兴奋的故事。
Is there anything interesting in the news?新闻上有没有有趣的东西？
The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket covering the desert. （NMET 2006 湖南）这些野花看上去像是一条铺在沙漠上的柔软的绿色毯子。
2． The festivals were a way to celebrate history and culture, as well as the New Year.这些节日是纪念历史文化和庆祝新年的一种方法。
as well as常用来连接两个并列的成分，作“也，还”解。相当于not only．．．but also，但强调是前者，后者只是顺便提及，因此连接并列主语时，谓语动词与前者一致；而用not only ．．． but also连接时，谓语动词与后者一致。例如：
It is important for you as well as for me. 这对我很重要，对你也很重要。
We should travel by night as well as by day. 我们不但白天旅行，而且晚上也旅行。
His children as well as his wife were invited to the party. 不但他的太太，而且连他的孩子们都被邀请去参加聚会。
＝ Not only his wife but also his children were invited to the party.
as well as还可用来表示同级比较，引导比较状语从句。well在句中作表语或状语，指身体、气色上的“一样好”，或修饰行为动词，表示“把某事做得一样好”。例如：
You look as well as you did ten years ago．你的身体看起来还和十年前一样好。
He plays the guitar as well as you．他的吉他弹得和你一样好。
John plays football as well as, if not better than David.约翰足球踢得至少和大卫一样好。(NMET 1994)
此外as well as和as well都有“也；还”之意，但是as well as是连词，连接两个并列成分；as well是副词，意为“又；另外也”，其后不跟什么成分。又如：
Give me those as well.把那些也给我吧。
He sent me a letter and some money as well. 他寄给我一封信，外加一些钱。
E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.(NMET 1999上海) 像电话一样，电子邮件在日常交流中扮演重要的角色。
3． We must do as much as we can to make our community better and more beautiful. 我们必须努力使我们的社区更好更美。
句子中的to make our community better and more beautiful是不定式作目的状语，as we can后省略了实义动词do，因为其前已有动词do。例如：
His parents did as much as they could to help him.他的父母尽可能地帮助他。
You must do everything you can to solve the problem.你必须尽力解决这个问题。
I will do what I can to help you.我将尽力来帮助你。
The Chinese people will do as much as they can to hold the 2008 Olympic Games successfully.中国人民将竭尽全力承办好2008年奥运会。
四、 语法细解
情态动词must，have to，have got to
1． must表示主观的义务和必要, 主要用于肯定句和疑问句, 意思为 “必须……，得……，要……”；由must引起的疑问句，肯定回答要用must或have to, 否定回答要用needn’t或don’t have to, 意思是“不必”；must的否定形式mustn’t表示禁止，意思是“不能，不许”。例如：
We must find a good method to learn the computer well.我们必须找一个学好电脑的方法。
—Must I finish the task right now?我必须现在完成这个工作吗？
—Yes, you must. / Yes, you have to. 是的。
(—No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. 不，不必。)
You mustn’t come here without permission. 未经允许，你不能来这儿。
must还可表示肯定的猜测，常用于肯定句中，意思为 “一定是, 必然……”。注意下列must表示推断或猜测的几种情况：
You must know this man. Look, this is his picture. 你必定认识这个人，看，这是他的照片。（推断现在的状态）
They must be waiting for us. 他们必定在等我们。（推断正在发生的事）
They must have arrived by now. 他们现在必定到了。（推断已经发生的事）
特别提醒： 1) must一般不用否定和疑问推断，否定和疑问推断，要用can’t /can代替。试比较：
He must be at home. 他必定在家。
→He can’t be at home. 他不可能在家。
→Can he be at home? 他会在家吗？
2) must用于推断时，其反意问句要采用must后的动词相应形式。例如：
It must be Xiao Wang, isn’t it? 一定是小王，对吗？
He must have been to Beijing, hasn’t he? 他必定去过北京，对不对？（指到目前为止）
He must have gone to Shanghai yesterday, didn’t he? 他昨天一定去上海了，对不对？（指昨天）
2． have to / have got to表示由于客观原因不得不做某事，意思是“不得不”，可用于各种时态，有人称和数的变化。例如：
Mother is out, so I have to look after the shop. 妈妈不在家，因此我不得不照看商店。
It’s raining, and I have got to stay at home. 外面在下雨，我不得不呆在家里。
You’ll have to see the doctor if you get ill. 如果你生病了，就得去看医生。
此外，have to的否定句和疑问句的构成往往要借助于助动词do的适当形式或助动词will。例如：
What does she have to do? 她必须做什么？
You didn’t have to wait for me yesterday. 昨天你没有必要等我。
have to 的否定形式是don’t have to, 相当于needn’t，表示“不必”、“不需要”的意思，在英国英语中常用needn’t，don’t have to / haven’t got to多见于美国英语。例如：
You don’t have to tell George. 你不必告诉乔治。
She knew the way to the library, so you didn’t have to show her the way. 她知道去图书馆的路，你不必给她指路。
1． conflict
n. 冲突；抵触；不一致；分歧（a clash between ideas, feelings, etc.; a disagreement）
This is an irreconcilable conflict.这是一个不可调和的矛盾。
Armed conflict is likely to break out between the two countries.这两国间有可能发生武装冲突。
vi. 矛盾, 冲突（be opposed to; differ in thought and action from）
The hours of the two meetings conflict.这两个会议时间有冲突。
Your request conflicts with my duties. 你的请求与我的职责相抵触。
【辨析】 conflict，fight，struggle
都含“战斗”，“斗争”的意思。conflict指“由于严重不一致，而引起抵触或冲突”；fight原义是“打仗”、“战斗”， 指“任何形式的斗争”，特别强调“短兵相接”；struggle本义是“挣扎”，指“克服某种障碍或困难，以达到某种目的”，意味着“处境难”。
【搭配】 come into conflict with与……冲突；与……相矛盾
in conflict with 与……斗争；与……相抵触
make a conflict with 与……作斗争
2． argument
n. (1) 理由；论据 （a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true）
There are many arguments against smoking.有许多理由反对吸烟。
This argument, however, does not hold water.但是，这种观点是站不住脚的。
(2) 说服 （a discussion）
We must settle this by argument but not by fighting.我们应当用说服的方式而不是用打架的方式来解决问题。
(3) 争论；争吵 （quarrel; talk between people with different ideas）
The argument among the two parties was blown up by the press.双方的争论被新闻界夸大了。
We had an argument about politics.我们就政治展开了争论。
【搭配】 get into an argument with与……发生争论fall into an argument with与……发生争论put forward an argument提出论点
【拓展】 argue sb. into (out of) doing sth.说服某人做（不做）……
argue with sb. about / over sth.为某事与某人争吵
argue for sth. 赞成某事argue against sth. 反对某事
3． major
adj. (1) 较大的；较多的；（同姓学生中）较为年长的
The house needs major repairs. 这幢房子需要大修。
Brown major 大布朗
(2) 主要的；重要的；一流的
He is a major writer.他是位大作家。
(3) 主修的
Her major subject is chemistry.她的主修科是化学。
vi. 主修 (+ in)
Alice majors in physics. 艾丽丝主修物理学。
4． purpose
n. (1) 目的；意图（plan; intention;what you are going to do）
He went to town with the purpose of buying a new television. 他进城的目的是买一台新电视机。
What is his purpose in coming back this time? 他这次回来的意图是什么?
His only purpose in life is to help the poor. 他人生的唯一目标是去帮助穷人。
vt. 决意；打算 （have as a purpose）
He purposes to visit South America; later he purposes writing a book on his travels. 他计划去南美游览；后来他打算写一本有关他旅游的书。
The government purposed that the project would be carried out before long. 政府决心不久就开始实行这项工程。
【搭配】 on purpose故意地to the purpose 得要领的；中肯的；合适的 with the purpose of doing sth.为了某事；目的在于做某事
5． symbol
n. 象征；符号；记号 (mark, sign or picture that shows something)
The letter “V” is a symbol of victory. 字母“V”是胜利的象征。
White is the symbol of purity. 白是纯洁的象征。
【辨析】 symbol，signal，mark
Symbol意为“象征；符号”，指有联系的或类似的事物代表其它事物，尤指代表抽象的事物；signal意为“信号”，指一种用作通讯交流的手段，也可指为了警告、命令或报信而发出的信号或暗号；mark意为“痕迹；标记”，指人为地画出点线等作为记号，也指留下的某种痕迹。
二、 短语精析
1. dress up 穿上盛装；打扮；装饰
You don’t need to dress up for this dinner. 你不必为这次宴会而打扮。
She was dressed up in her Sunday best.她身着节日的盛装。
The little girl dressed herself up as an angel. 这个小女孩把自己装扮成天使。
【拓展】 dress oneself / sb. up把某人（自己）打扮起来；给某人（自己）穿衣服
dress up as 装扮成；打扮成
2. have… in common有……共同之处
They found they had a lot in common and got on well. 他们发现他们有很多共同之处，相处得很好。
Although they are twins, they have nothing in common. 虽然他们是双胞胎，却没有一点共同之处。
【拓展】 in common with和……一样
In common with most American people, he enjoys football.他与大多数美国人一样,喜欢橄榄球运动。
3. believe in信仰；信任
I don’t believe in the story. 我不相信这个故事。
We believe in him.我们信任他。
Do you believe in ghosts?你相信有鬼吗?
【辨析】 believe in与believe
Believe指相信某人所说的话或某件事，可接名词、代词、从句等；believe in指信任某人的品质，或信仰某一宗教、真理等，后接名词或代词。
I don’t believe what you have said because I don’t believe in you .我不信你说的话，因为我不信任你。
4. give away赠送；分发；泄露；
She gave away all her money to the poor. 她把钱都送给穷人了。
His accent gave him away as a northerner.他的口音让人听出他是北方人。
Do not give away my secret.不要泄露我的秘密。
【拓展】 give back归还 give in递交；呈送；屈服give off放出；散发出give up投降；停止；放弃give out分发；用尽；公布
6. play a trick on sb.开某人玩笑；欺骗某人
I never thought he played a trick on me.我从没想到他会欺骗我。
Though he knew they were playing a trick on him, he pretended not to notice it. 尽管他知道他们是在捉弄他，可他佯装不知道。
【拓展】 laugh at嘲笑make fun of嘲笑；取笑make a fool of愚弄
7． take in让……进入；接受；欺骗
The club took in a new member last week.俱乐部上星期又吸收了一名新会员。
The salesmen have taken in the old people and lamped them to buy their poor quality goods. 那些售货员欺骗老年人，让他们购买劣质的商品。
【拓展】 take away 拿走 take back 收回 take down 记下来；拿下来take off 脱下（衣服等）；（飞机）起飞
三、句式点睛
1. Kwanzaa is a seven-day festival celebrating the culture and history of African Americans. 宽扎节为期7天，是一个庆祝非裔美洲人的文化与历史的节日。
现在分词短语celebrating the culture and history of African Americans在句中作定语，修饰festival。现在分词短语作定语时通常位于被修饰的名词之后，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作, 与所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系，它在作用上相当于一个定语从句。例如：
The girl standing by her mother（who was standing by her mother） looked very timid. 站在她妈妈旁边的那个女孩看上去很胆小。
The meeting being held (which is being held) now is very important.正在召开的这个会议很重要。
单个现在分词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词前面，如果被修饰的词是something、anything、anyone、everyone 等不定代词，现在分词要放在它们的后面。
This is an exciting story.这是一个令人兴奋的故事。
Is there anything interesting in the news?新闻上有没有有趣的东西？
The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket covering the desert. （NMET 2006 湖南）这些野花看上去像是一条铺在沙漠上的柔软的绿色毯子。
2． The festivals were a way to celebrate history and culture, as well as the New Year.这些节日是纪念历史文化和庆祝新年的一种方法。
as well as常用来连接两个并列的成分，作“也，还”解。相当于not only．．．but also，但强调是前者，后者只是顺便提及，因此连接并列主语时，谓语动词与前者一致；而用not only ．．． but also连接时，谓语动词与后者一致。例如：
It is important for you as well as for me. 这对我很重要，对你也很重要。
We should travel by night as well as by day. 我们不但白天旅行，而且晚上也旅行。
His children as well as his wife were invited to the party. 不但他的太太，而且连他的孩子们都被邀请去参加聚会。
＝ Not only his wife but also his children were invited to the party.
as well as还可用来表示同级比较，引导比较状语从句。well在句中作表语或状语，指身体、气色上的“一样好”，或修饰行为动词，表示“把某事做得一样好”。例如：
You look as well as you did ten years ago．你的身体看起来还和十年前一样好。
He plays the guitar as well as you．他的吉他弹得和你一样好。
John plays football as well as, if not better than David.约翰足球踢得至少和大卫一样好。(NMET 1994)
此外as well as和as well都有“也；还”之意，但是as well as是连词，连接两个并列成分；as well是副词，意为“又；另外也”，其后不跟什么成分。又如：
Give me those as well.把那些也给我吧。
He sent me a letter and some money as well. 他寄给我一封信，外加一些钱。
E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.(NMET 1999上海) 像电话一样，电子邮件在日常交流中扮演重要的角色。
3． We must do as much as we can to make our community better and more beautiful. 我们必须努力使我们的社区更好更美。
句子中的to make our community better and more beautiful是不定式作目的状语，as we can后省略了实义动词do，因为其前已有动词do。例如：
His parents did as much as they could to help him.他的父母尽可能地帮助他。
You must do everything you can to solve the problem.你必须尽力解决这个问题。
I will do what I can to help you.我将尽力来帮助你。
The Chinese people will do as much as they can to hold the 2008 Olympic Games successfully.中国人民将竭尽全力承办好2008年奥运会。
四、 语法细解
情态动词must，have to，have got to
1． must表示主观的义务和必要, 主要用于肯定句和疑问句, 意思为 “必须……，得……，要……”；由must引起的疑问句，肯定回答要用must或have to, 否定回答要用needn’t或don’t have to, 意思是“不必”；must的否定形式mustn’t表示禁止，意思是“不能，不许”。例如：
We must find a good method to learn the computer well.我们必须找一个学好电脑的方法。
—Must I finish the task right now?我必须现在完成这个工作吗？
—Yes, you must. / Yes, you have to. 是的。
(—No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. 不，不必。)
You mustn’t come here without permission. 未经允许，你不能来这儿。
must还可表示肯定的猜测，常用于肯定句中，意思为 “一定是, 必然……”。注意下列must表示推断或猜测的几种情况：
You must know this man. Look, this is his picture. 你必定认识这个人，看，这是他的照片。（推断现在的状态）
They must be waiting for us. 他们必定在等我们。（推断正在发生的事）
They must have arrived by now. 他们现在必定到了。（推断已经发生的事）
特别提醒： 1) must一般不用否定和疑问推断，否定和疑问推断，要用can’t /can代替。试比较：
He must be at home. 他必定在家。
→He can’t be at home. 他不可能在家。
→Can he be at home? 他会在家吗？
2) must用于推断时，其反意问句要采用must后的动词相应形式。例如：
It must be Xiao Wang, isn’t it? 一定是小王，对吗？
He must have been to Beijing, hasn’t he? 他必定去过北京，对不对？（指到目前为止）
He must have gone to Shanghai yesterday, didn’t he? 他昨天一定去上海了，对不对？（指昨天）
2． have to / have got to表示由于客观原因不得不做某事，意思是“不得不”，可用于各种时态，有人称和数的变化。例如：
Mother is out, so I have to look after the shop. 妈妈不在家，因此我不得不照看商店。
It’s raining, and I have got to stay at home. 外面在下雨，我不得不呆在家里。
You’ll have to see the doctor if you get ill. 如果你生病了，就得去看医生。
此外，have to的否定句和疑问句的构成往往要借助于助动词do的适当形式或助动词will。例如：
What does she have to do? 她必须做什么？
You didn’t have to wait for me yesterday. 昨天你没有必要等我。
have to 的否定形式是don’t have to, 相当于needn’t，表示“不必”、“不需要”的意思，在英国英语中常用needn’t，don’t have to / haven’t got to多见于美国英语。例如：
You don’t have to tell George. 你不必告诉乔治。
She knew the way to the library, so you didn’t have to show her the way. 她知道去图书馆的路，你不必给她指路。