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【摘要】非谓语动词在英语语法中占有重要地位,历年高考试题都有非谓语动词用法方面的试题。非谓语动词所涉及的知识内容纷繁复杂,是学生学习语法的难点。笔者根据多年教学经验,将非谓语动词学习中应注意的几个方面进行总结。
【关键词】非谓语动词 学习
Some pointes need to be paid attention to in learning the non- finite verb
Tang Zhengguo
【Abstract】The non- finite verb is in a very important position in English grammar. In every year’s entrance examination for college, there are some questions about that. The content that the non- finite verb relates to is very complex, numerous and complicated and is students’ difficulty in learning English. According to many years’ teaching experience, the writer has summarized some that should be paid attention to in learning the non- finite verb.
【Keywords】Non- finite verb Learning
非谓语动词泛指在英语句子中充当谓语之外各类成分的动词形式,在英语语法中占有重要地位。因此,在历年高考试题中都有非谓语动词用法方面的试题,尤其在单项选择和短文改错中。但是,非谓语动词对于大多数中学生而言都是一个语法难点,有很多学生在上面花费了大量的时间和精力却收效甚微,甚至毫无收效。为此,我根据多年教学经验,将非谓语动词学习中应注意的几个方面总结如下,供师生参考。
1.要掌握和理解谓语动词与非谓语动词之间的区别。谓语动词是说明句子主语的属性、状态和特征,是与主语一道构成句子的最基本成分之一。谓语动词具有各种时态、语态和语气形式,且与句子主语保持人称与数量上的一致。在任意一个简单句中都只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语),两个或两个以上的并列成分或并列分句之间应有相应并列连词。在主从复合句中,主句和从句之间应有相应的从属性连词(引导单个宾语从句的连接词that可省略;在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词whom / that / which也可省略)。因此,要判断一个句子中谓语动词外其他动词是否也是谓语动词,需确定是否有连接性词语(尤其是并列连词)。如:“Run!” Jeff shouted, seizing her arm.(无并列连词,现在分词短语作伴随状语)。“Run!” Jeff shouted and seized her arm.(有并列连词,seized her arm为并列谓语)。
2.要理解和掌握谓语动词与非谓语动词之间的时间关系。各类非谓语动词均有其时间性,一般地:to do/ to be done具有将来性,作主语或宾语时常表示某次的具体情况;to be doing/doing 具有与谓语动作的同步性,动名词doing作主语、宾语或表语时常表示普遍一般情况或概念性抽象性意义;to have done / to have been done / having done/ having been done / done表示发生在谓语之前的动作,具有完成性。如:
There’s a meeting to be held tomorrow.(将来性)
The students pretended to be doing their exercises when they heard the teacher approaching.(同步性)
The students seemed to have finished their homework.(完成性)
I like playing basketball, but Idon’t like to play it today.(前者表示普遍一般情况,后者表示具体某次的情况)
3.要明确非谓语动词与相关的名词或代词之间的主动与被动关系。一般地,to do / doing / to have done / having done具有主动性,to be done / to have been done / being done / having been done / done具有被动性。但也应注意,在下列常见情况下,要用主动形式表示被动意义:
(1)Sth need / want / require doing. 如:Your room is too dirty. It needs cleaning now.
(2)Sb /Sb +be+adj.+to do. 如:Our English teacher is easy to get along with.
(3)Be worth doing. 如:Gone With The Wind is quite a wondeerful novel , and it is well worth reading.
(4)作定语的动词与中心词之间具有被动关系时,不定式前是否有其动作执行者,决定不定式该用主动还是被动形式,举例如下:
①Manager, do you have anything else to be typed? 句中Manager和you都不是type的动作执行者。
②Today, I bought some story book for my daughter to read. 句中my daughter是read的动作执行者。
③Today, I bought a story book to be read by my daughter. 句中read 的动作执行者由by引出,明显表被动。
④在There be句型中,如果作定语的不定式表示被动含义,主动被动形式均可使用,但侧重点有所不同:
There’s a meeting to be held this afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. 强调人开会。
There’s a meeting to hold this aternoon. 强调会议被举行。
当然,在分析非谓语动词的时间性和主动被动性问题时,也应注意一些不定式和现在词作独立成分时,不需要考虑其时间和主动问题。常见有:Generally speaking / Frankly speaking / Considering…/ Judging from(by)
及不定式To tell the truth / To be true / To be frank / To be honest / To make matters等。
4.在学习动词不定式和动名词作宾语时,应注意有部分动词后可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语,但意义差别很大。这类动词有如下常见几个:forget to do sth:忘记了做某事,forget doing sth:忘记了做过某事;remember to do sth:记住要做某事,remember doing sth:记得做过某事;regret to do sth:为要做某事而遗憾或惋惜,regret doing sth:为做了某事而遗憾、惋惜或后悔;mean to do sth:企图做某事、打算做某事,mean doing sth:意味着做某事;try to do sth:试图做某事、尽力做某事,try doing sth:尝试着做某事;can’t help (to) do sth:无法帮忙做某事,can’t help doing sth:禁不住做某事。
Go on to do sth:做完某事后接着做另一件事,不定式作目的状语,go on doing sth:接着做没有做完的事,动名词作宾语;stop to do sth:停下来,开始去做某事,不定式做目的状语,stop doing sth.:停止做某事,动名词作宾语。
5.在学习带有非谓语动词的句型和固定搭配时,应注意以下几个方面的问题:
5.1 学习、理解和掌握其结构特征及其意义。如:take sth for granted:把某事想当然。
5.2 注意这些句型、短语在某些特定情况下的变化,常见有:①Nobody is allowed to smoke here. 运用短语allow sb to do sth,其中sb变为主语而用被动语态。②You can never imagine the difficulty I had doing the cleaning. 运用短语have diffculty doing sth,其中difficulty被提前作定语从句先行词。③Whom do you think he will have finish this job? 运用短语have sb do sth,其中sb被提问,且插入do you think。
5.3 不机械照搬句型短语,要正确分析句子结构,从而确定非谓语动词在句中的作用及其相应的形式。如:①Hearing a laud sound, he looked forward to see what happened.(听见有很大的响声,他探身去看究竟是怎么回事。)动词不定式作目的状语,而没有用look forward to doing sth表示“盼望做某事”。②What will you enjoy to kill time this summer, reading some books at home or travelling?(你今年夏天想如何打发时间,是在家看书还是去旅游?)动词不定式作目的状语,What是enjoy的宾语。
6.学习非谓语动词作状语时,应牢记:一个句子的主语也应当是非谓语动词所作状语的逻辑主语,否则,应在非谓语动词前加上其自身的逻辑主语而构成独立主格结构。如:My pen broken, can you lnd me one? 又比如:It being Sunday, you needn’t get up so early.
总之,非谓语动词所涉及的知识内容虽然纷繁复杂,但只要我们理解和掌握了它们的基本规律,并不断地结合听、说、读、写加以体会和感受,就一定能轻松自如地驾御它们,使之为我所用。
【关键词】非谓语动词 学习
Some pointes need to be paid attention to in learning the non- finite verb
Tang Zhengguo
【Abstract】The non- finite verb is in a very important position in English grammar. In every year’s entrance examination for college, there are some questions about that. The content that the non- finite verb relates to is very complex, numerous and complicated and is students’ difficulty in learning English. According to many years’ teaching experience, the writer has summarized some that should be paid attention to in learning the non- finite verb.
【Keywords】Non- finite verb Learning
非谓语动词泛指在英语句子中充当谓语之外各类成分的动词形式,在英语语法中占有重要地位。因此,在历年高考试题中都有非谓语动词用法方面的试题,尤其在单项选择和短文改错中。但是,非谓语动词对于大多数中学生而言都是一个语法难点,有很多学生在上面花费了大量的时间和精力却收效甚微,甚至毫无收效。为此,我根据多年教学经验,将非谓语动词学习中应注意的几个方面总结如下,供师生参考。
1.要掌握和理解谓语动词与非谓语动词之间的区别。谓语动词是说明句子主语的属性、状态和特征,是与主语一道构成句子的最基本成分之一。谓语动词具有各种时态、语态和语气形式,且与句子主语保持人称与数量上的一致。在任意一个简单句中都只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语),两个或两个以上的并列成分或并列分句之间应有相应并列连词。在主从复合句中,主句和从句之间应有相应的从属性连词(引导单个宾语从句的连接词that可省略;在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词whom / that / which也可省略)。因此,要判断一个句子中谓语动词外其他动词是否也是谓语动词,需确定是否有连接性词语(尤其是并列连词)。如:“Run!” Jeff shouted, seizing her arm.(无并列连词,现在分词短语作伴随状语)。“Run!” Jeff shouted and seized her arm.(有并列连词,seized her arm为并列谓语)。
2.要理解和掌握谓语动词与非谓语动词之间的时间关系。各类非谓语动词均有其时间性,一般地:to do/ to be done具有将来性,作主语或宾语时常表示某次的具体情况;to be doing/doing 具有与谓语动作的同步性,动名词doing作主语、宾语或表语时常表示普遍一般情况或概念性抽象性意义;to have done / to have been done / having done/ having been done / done表示发生在谓语之前的动作,具有完成性。如:
There’s a meeting to be held tomorrow.(将来性)
The students pretended to be doing their exercises when they heard the teacher approaching.(同步性)
The students seemed to have finished their homework.(完成性)
I like playing basketball, but Idon’t like to play it today.(前者表示普遍一般情况,后者表示具体某次的情况)
3.要明确非谓语动词与相关的名词或代词之间的主动与被动关系。一般地,to do / doing / to have done / having done具有主动性,to be done / to have been done / being done / having been done / done具有被动性。但也应注意,在下列常见情况下,要用主动形式表示被动意义:
(1)Sth need / want / require doing. 如:Your room is too dirty. It needs cleaning now.
(2)Sb /Sb +be+adj.+to do. 如:Our English teacher is easy to get along with.
(3)Be worth doing. 如:Gone With The Wind is quite a wondeerful novel , and it is well worth reading.
(4)作定语的动词与中心词之间具有被动关系时,不定式前是否有其动作执行者,决定不定式该用主动还是被动形式,举例如下:
①Manager, do you have anything else to be typed? 句中Manager和you都不是type的动作执行者。
②Today, I bought some story book for my daughter to read. 句中my daughter是read的动作执行者。
③Today, I bought a story book to be read by my daughter. 句中read 的动作执行者由by引出,明显表被动。
④在There be句型中,如果作定语的不定式表示被动含义,主动被动形式均可使用,但侧重点有所不同:
There’s a meeting to be held this afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. 强调人开会。
There’s a meeting to hold this aternoon. 强调会议被举行。
当然,在分析非谓语动词的时间性和主动被动性问题时,也应注意一些不定式和现在词作独立成分时,不需要考虑其时间和主动问题。常见有:Generally speaking / Frankly speaking / Considering…/ Judging from(by)
及不定式To tell the truth / To be true / To be frank / To be honest / To make matters等。
4.在学习动词不定式和动名词作宾语时,应注意有部分动词后可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语,但意义差别很大。这类动词有如下常见几个:forget to do sth:忘记了做某事,forget doing sth:忘记了做过某事;remember to do sth:记住要做某事,remember doing sth:记得做过某事;regret to do sth:为要做某事而遗憾或惋惜,regret doing sth:为做了某事而遗憾、惋惜或后悔;mean to do sth:企图做某事、打算做某事,mean doing sth:意味着做某事;try to do sth:试图做某事、尽力做某事,try doing sth:尝试着做某事;can’t help (to) do sth:无法帮忙做某事,can’t help doing sth:禁不住做某事。
Go on to do sth:做完某事后接着做另一件事,不定式作目的状语,go on doing sth:接着做没有做完的事,动名词作宾语;stop to do sth:停下来,开始去做某事,不定式做目的状语,stop doing sth.:停止做某事,动名词作宾语。
5.在学习带有非谓语动词的句型和固定搭配时,应注意以下几个方面的问题:
5.1 学习、理解和掌握其结构特征及其意义。如:take sth for granted:把某事想当然。
5.2 注意这些句型、短语在某些特定情况下的变化,常见有:①Nobody is allowed to smoke here. 运用短语allow sb to do sth,其中sb变为主语而用被动语态。②You can never imagine the difficulty I had doing the cleaning. 运用短语have diffculty doing sth,其中difficulty被提前作定语从句先行词。③Whom do you think he will have finish this job? 运用短语have sb do sth,其中sb被提问,且插入do you think。
5.3 不机械照搬句型短语,要正确分析句子结构,从而确定非谓语动词在句中的作用及其相应的形式。如:①Hearing a laud sound, he looked forward to see what happened.(听见有很大的响声,他探身去看究竟是怎么回事。)动词不定式作目的状语,而没有用look forward to doing sth表示“盼望做某事”。②What will you enjoy to kill time this summer, reading some books at home or travelling?(你今年夏天想如何打发时间,是在家看书还是去旅游?)动词不定式作目的状语,What是enjoy的宾语。
6.学习非谓语动词作状语时,应牢记:一个句子的主语也应当是非谓语动词所作状语的逻辑主语,否则,应在非谓语动词前加上其自身的逻辑主语而构成独立主格结构。如:My pen broken, can you lnd me one? 又比如:It being Sunday, you needn’t get up so early.
总之,非谓语动词所涉及的知识内容虽然纷繁复杂,但只要我们理解和掌握了它们的基本规律,并不断地结合听、说、读、写加以体会和感受,就一定能轻松自如地驾御它们,使之为我所用。