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许多学生都觉得被动语态难学,不好把握,就是一些教师在教学过程中也认为它不易讲授。看看下面的句子,也许就能理解学生与教师的想法了:
English is spoken in the world.
The satellite was sent up two years ago.
Two buildings will be built in a few years.
Two buildings are being built now.
It was being done at eight yesterday morning.
My homework has been finished already.
It had been done when we wanted to do it.
这些句子有简单的也有复杂的,光是be 动词的各种形式及组合就已经使人眼花缭乱了,以前我也感觉如此。通过多年的教学与总结,我现在发现被动语态竟是那么脉络清晰、句式简明,教与学也非常容易,同时我也认识到以前有的学生或教师感到它难学、难教的原因了:
1.学生对主动语态各种时态的掌握不好
可以说这是被动语态难学难教的最根本原因。时态历来是学生最感到头痛的东西,而掌握好主动语态的时态是学习被动语态的时态的基础。看下面的例子:
English is spoken in the world. 这个句子从教学的角度讲是从 People speak English in the world. 变来的。同样,要学习Your homework must be finished in time. 其前提是先掌握好You must finish your homework in time. 可以说,如果主动语态的时态学不好,那就注定学不好被动语态;而一旦掌握了主动语态的各种时态,学习被动语态真的是轻松自如。
2.教师教学分散零乱,导致学生理解上的混乱和掌握上的无序
这一点会因教师个人差异而有所不同。由于学习主动语态的时态是一个渐进的过程,即一个时态一个时态地学,被动语态的学习安排也是如此。某一单元出现了一般现在时,教师讲的全是一般现在时;如果是一般过去时,就全讲一般过去时。虽然这种方法就某一个时态的学习而言有简明的优点,但随着各种时态的出现,以前所学的东西逐渐生疏淡忘,再加上有的学生对某个时态把握的偏差,整个被动语态的时态学习就显得凌乱复杂了。所以说,被动语态的教学应集中、系统,以使学生全面灵活地掌握。
下面是我在平时的教学工作中得出的关于被动语
态的教学方法和体会:
1.打好基础,循序渐进,加强学生对主动语态的时态理解与掌握
在学习被动语态的时候,要集中精力对主动语态的时态进行系统复习,让学生全面扎实地掌握主动语态各种时态的构成及意义,在此前提下再进行两种语态的对比,让学生理解被动语态的意义及构成。如:
He does his homework in the evening.
He did his homework yesterday afternoon.
这两个句子的结构是一样的,变成被动语态的形式也完全一样,只是主动语态的句子时态不同,变成被动语态的时候其不同之处就在 be 的变化上:
His homework is done in the evening.
His homework was done yesterday afternoon.
再简化一下:
He does his homework.— His homework is done.
He did his homework. — His homework was done.
2.提纲挈领,总体教学,让学生对被动语态时态的认识简明扼要
我始终认为被动语态的时态不适于分散教学,也没有必要。一是在学习被动语态时,学生对初中阶段的所有时态已基本学完,他们在整体上应该掌握主动语态各种时态的构成与应用,因而教学应主要放在两种语态的区别与联系上,不应该以某个时态为单元组织教学。二是通过各种时态句子的对比,让学生在众多的看似不同的例句中总结出它们共有的东西。还是前面的例子(稍作简化):
People speak English. —English is spoken.
They sent up the satellites. —The satellites were sent up.
We will build two buildings. —Two buildings will be built.
They are building two buildings. —Two buildings are being built.
He was doing it. —It was being done.
I have finished my homework. —My homework has been finished.
这些例子有一定的代表性,初看起来似乎复杂,但用心观察就可以发现,被动语态形式的变化其实就只是 be 动词变化,被动语态中其他的动词只有过去分词一种。
在实际教学中,我把自己的这种认识贯穿始终,具体分为三步:
1.列举实例,分清彼此
被动语态看似庞大复杂,但表现在定义上则十分简单明了,其例子又比比皆是, 因而理解起来非常容易。我在讲课时可以说是不费什么劲的,即使是学生也觉得轻松舒服。例子源源不断,信手拈来,主动被动一目了然,如“你做好作业了吗?”“你的作业做好了吗?”“谁打碎的玻璃?”“玻璃是谁打碎的?”“他拿了我的笔记本。”“我的笔记本被他拿去了。”等等,谁是主动,谁是被动,还要多说什么呢?
2.简化例子,牢记句式
教材上的例子已经很简单了,我觉得再简单些也不影响它的实质意义,而且能让学生减少因句式复杂、单词过多而产生的压力,以便更能集中精力,加深理解其中实质性的东西。如教材上的一个例子:People speak English. — English is spoken by people.这个例子还用线标出了两种语态的转换。我给学生的例子更为简单,如:I do it. —It is done by me. He does it.—It is done by him. 让学生观察理解这几个例子,他们都觉得简单。在这种情况下再让他们举例,他们已经跃跃欲试、信心十足了。尽管有的学生举出了You do it. — It is done by you. 但我觉得他们已经理解了主动被动之间的关系了。
3.集中讲解,总体把握
在学生对被动语态有一定的理解后,时态教学便应集中讲解了。为了让学生集中精力,一方面要求教师尽可能多举例子,同时更要把例子设计得精致简洁,既能把要讲解的内容讲全,又能让学生感到轻松明了。下面就是我在课堂上举的几个例子:
He often does his homework in the evening. —His homework is often done in the evening.
He is doing his homework now. —His homework is being done by him now.
He has done his homework. —His homework has been done by him.
He will do his homework this evening. —His homework will be done by him this evening.
He can do his homework. —His homework can be done.
当学生见多了例子,并且基本掌握了被动语态的构成,这时就可以与他们一起总结归纳被动语态的基本结构了,那就是非常明了的一个句式:
S be done by...
而这个句式变化就全在 be done 上了,以后各种有关被动语态的句型变化都是如此。
至此,被动语态的学习基本结束,复习巩固将是学好这一语法的重要环节,简单的例子必不可少,而复杂多变的更多例句也得跟上。为了让学生适应考试,相应的练习就显得很有必要。在理解的基础上多做题多见题,灵活应用,被动语态就不会再是一个难题了。
(责任编辑 周侯辰)