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为了实现可持续发展、人类富裕和安康生活,我们需要多维度的指标来表明一个共同体中经济的、环境的和社会的发展。虽然使用GDP方法有其显而易见的优点——严格局限于市场领域及其交易活动,但如果量度的对象是可持续发展和福利的话,那么十分明显,非市场活动也是与之密切相关的。可持续发展和福利的许多构成元素都不会体现在市场活动中,或者说,经济政策的某些方面需要替代性的答案和作更宽泛的成本-收益分析。因而,当致力于实现可持续发展而不只是经济增长时,旨在超越GDP方法的替代性方案的运用是必要的。本文评述了三大类型的替代性指标,即“调整”、“替代”和“补充”GDP方法,并对其优缺点、超越GDP方法的潜能进行了初步分析。
In order to achieve sustainable development, prosperity of humankind and well-being, we need multi-dimensional indicators to show the economic, environmental and social development of a community. While there are obvious advantages to using the GDP approach, strictly confined to the market area and its trading activities, it is quite clear that non-market activities are closely linked to the measure of sustainability and welfare. Many elements of sustainable development and well-being are not reflected in the market activity or, in other words, some aspects of economic policy require alternative answers and a broader cost-benefit analysis. Thus, the application of alternatives that aim to go beyond the GDP approach is necessary when working to achieve sustainable development, not just economic growth. This paper reviews three major types of alternative indicators, namely, the “adjustment”, “replacement” and “replacement” GDP methods, and initially analyzes the potential advantages and disadvantages and the potential of surpassing GDP methods.