The habenular nuclei(habenulae)are highly conserved bilaterally paired nuclei which develop in the dorsal diencephalon of vertebrates ranging from fish to human.
Idiopathic congenital nystagmus(ICN)is a genetic heterogenous disorder that characterized by involuntary horizontal oscillations of both eyes,and there is no effective treatment available.
Caloric restriction(CR)has been shown to have several health benefits and provides protection against type 2 diabetes,neurodegenerative and cerebral vascular diseases.
Autism is a developmental disorder with characteristic deficiency in social behavior and communication skills and the presence of stereotypical behavior.
Parkinsons disease(PD)is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by a profound and selective loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.
Althoughpharmacological dopamine replacement therapy and deep brain electrical stimulation(DBS)can alleviate the motor symptoms of Parkinson disease(PD),side effects of drugs and a small fraction of p