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<正>Introduction:Non-cardiac surgery is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Prevention and recognition of perioperative cardiac problems in non-cardiac surgery is an area of intense clinical and economic interest.The individual patient’s risk and cardiac stress related to the surgical procedure poses the patient at an increased risk of perioperative cardiac complications which occur with the highest frequency in patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease and those undergoing major surgical procedures.These complications which including myocardial infarction(MI),cardiac arrest,congestive heart failure(CHF), unstable angina,unstable cardiac rhythms,hypertensive urgencies/emergencies and ischemic/thrombotic stroke, consume substantial resources.A recent prospective cohort analysis in US indicates a cost of nearly $10 000 per perioperative myocardial ischemic injury.In Europe,it is estimated that 40 million surgical procedures are performed annually,with a postoperative MI rate of 1%with a mortality rate of 0.3%which is equal to 133,000 patients.