论文部分内容阅读
一、2011年江苏高考英语试题原文
When Should a Leader Apologize and When Not?
Why Difficult?
When we wrong someone we know, even not intentionally, we are generally expected to apologize so as to improve the situation. But when were acting as leaders, the circumstances are different. The act of apology is carried out not merely at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution. It is a performance in which every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record. Refusing to apologize can be smart, or it can be stupid. So, readiness to apologize can be seen as a sign of strong character or as a sign of weakness. A successful apology can turn hate into personal and organizational harmony — while an apology that is too little, too late, or too obviously strategic can bring on individual and institutional ruin. What, then, is to be done? How can leaders decide if and when to apologize publicly?
Why Now?
The question of whether leaders should apologize publicly has never been more urgent. During the last decade or so, the United States in particular has developed an apology culture—apologies of all kinds and for all sorts of wrongdoings are made far more frequently than before. More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of public apologies. More articles, cartoons, advice columns, and radio and television programs have similarly dealt with the subject of private apologies.
Why Bother?
Why do we apologize? Why do we ever put ourselves in situations likely to be difficult, embarrassing, and even risky? Leaders who apologize publicly could be an easy target. They are expected to appear strong and capable. And whenever they make public statements of any kind, their individual and institutional reputations are in danger. Clearly, then, leaders should not apologize often or lightly. For a leader to express apology, there needs to be a good, strong reason. Leaders will publicly apologize if and when they think the costs of doing so are lower than the costs of not doing so.
Why Refuse?
Why is it that leaders so often refuse to apologize, even when a public apology seems to be in order? Their reasons can be individual or institutional. Because leaders are public figures, their apologies are likely to be personally uncomfortable and even professionally risky. Leaders may also be afraid that admission of a mistake will damage or destroy the organization for which they are responsible. There can be good reasons for hanging tough in tough situations, as we shall see, but it is a highrisk strategy.
二、试题分析及解题过程
1.试题分析
任务型阅读是关于领导者是否需要道歉的心理剖析。文章段落清晰,提供的板块框架易懂。除了个别题需要考生对文章高度概括,有一定的难度外,多数题可以直接从文中找到答案,所填词既不生僻,也没有繁杂的词形变化,学生答题流畅,总体难度不大。
2.解题思路及答案
找准提纲中的关键词,在文中迅速进行目标定位,做好同义句转换、词性转换等。
(1) 71-73题的答案在第一段
71.根据原文中的第一段的It is a performance in which every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record. 因此71空可以填performance。
72.文章第一段but处点出当我们是领导时,道歉的情况就和一般情况不一样了,下面描述的都是作为领导,道歉的难度。得出结论,it is no easy job ...。
73.根据题干定位到文章第一段最后,破折号处引出该题。可见如果这种道歉没有很适当/正确的提出,就会造成个人和组织的毁灭。因此此空应填properly / rightly / successfully。
(2) 74-76题答案在第二段
74.根据文章第二段第一句,得出答案为urgent。
75.根据文章第二段第二句,破折号处的an apology culture,得出75空应填culture。
76.文章第二段倒数第二句,说明了More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of public apologies. 可见答案为growing / increasing / rising。
(3) 77-78题答案在第三段
77.根据题干定位到原文第三段。看到第四句“they are expected to appear strong and capable”,因此可以填expected / supposed / required。
78.第三段第四句,写明了And whenever they make public statement of any kind, ....可见这里填public。
(4) 79-80题在第四段
79.根据题干定位到原文第四段第三句,可见此空填likely。
80.原文第四段第四句,说明“leaders may also be afraid that the admission of a mistake will damage or destroy ....”,可见此空可以填damage / harm。
三、任务型阅读考查题型
任务型阅读在英语试卷中是倒数第二题,此时,考试时间所剩无几,考生心理压力加大,因此需要考生稳住心态,在有限时间内阅读并迅速抓住文章要义,并列出提纲,把该拿的分轻松拿到。
任务型阅读中的题型主要包括原词重现、固定搭配、词性转换、提炼概括四大类,四种题型难度指数一般依次上升,2011年江苏省高考任务型阅读题相对于2008、2009及2010年来说,难度并不大,甚至比2010年还易得分。具体详见4年间四种题型的分布数目,如下表所示:
表一:四年任务型阅读试题考查题型
题型分类2011201020092008
原词重现6(71,74,75,76,77,79)6(74,75,76,77,79,80)4(72,75,77,79)4(71,72,75,77)
固定搭配1(78)1(72)01(78)
词性转换1(80)2(71,73)2(73,74)4(73,76,79,80)
提炼概括2(72,73)1(78)4(71,76,78,80)1(74)
根据上表,我们可以看出2011年江苏省任务型阅读题呈现出3个特点:
1.容易题比例大。原词重现题很容易拿分,考生们务必抓牢,今年这一题型比重较大。另外,78题“public”在文中也可找到,80题“damage”虽然转词性,但形式没变;
2.没有首字母大写词;
3.有四处可填多个单词,而且都是较常见单词,它们分别是73题、76题、77题和80题。
4.提炼概括题较2010年增加一题,难度偏大,这也是考生容易失分的题目。
四、任务型阅读解题技巧
我们按照“按表”、“找准关键词”,迅速“目标定位”法在原文中找寻这样的解题技巧来做题,起到了事半功倍的效果。
第一步:读懂表格。认真分析表格中各行与各列之间的提示语与原文的关系,表格中的信息能告诉我们阅读语篇中应该寻找和把握的信息。
第二步:找准关键词。关键词通常为空格前后的名词或动词。
第三步:目标定位法。根据关键词,缩小注意范围,在对应段落中,扫视文章段落,迅速在段落中定位目标,确定考查内容。另外,题目的出题顺序和文章的行文基本一致,要按照顺序来寻找答案所在,而不是整篇文章没有头绪。
第四步:玩转任务型。
1.巧做替换。定位之后通过照抄或替换的方式得出答案,弄清楚要求填入的信息属于什么范畴,弄清楚答题的标准,用什么形式表述。由于要求不同,很可能每个题目的答题标准都不同。照抄就是原词重现,替换即是固定搭配、词性转换、提炼概括等。
2.兼顾前后。根据已完成的阅读填入正确答案。注意表述方式的科学性,要兼顾空格前后左右的文意、时态、结构、词性等,仔细推敲,全面衡量,最后定断。
3.词性转化。方式有名词、动词、形容词及副词之间的相互转换、动词及其分词之间的相互转换。
4.完整检查:做完试题后,要完整检查一次,看看是否列与列保持一致,行与行保持一致,是否全部填入,看看填入的内容与表达方式是否与原题一致,注意大小写、词性、结构、表达方式要与已经给出的信息一致。注意句首单词的首字母全要大写。
5.引以为戒:
(1) 拼写不规范。一些考生字迹潦草,难以辨认,首字母c,p,u等写得过大,有大写之嫌。拼写单词时多字母或少字母,尤其是“appropriately”、“properly”等拼写错误最多;
(2) 平时训练不到位。有很多同学一个空填多个单词,有对有错不得分;
(3) 答题错位。填写时没看清题号,造成无谓失分;
(4) 本不需要词形变化的,却要画蛇添足。如75题,不少同学会写成cultural。
五、任务型阅读试题命题预测及备考建议
1.试题命题预测
由近四年高考任务型阅读试题的变化可以看出,体裁会以议论文和说明文为主,难度与今年持平或稍微加大,词数500左右,8个段落左右,试题难度维持在容易题∶中等题∶难题=5∶3∶2,对原词重现、固定搭配的考查题数不会增加,对词性转换,提炼概括的试题可能增加,这样可以考查考生的提炼总结概括的能力,也更能体现高考的选拔性功能。
2.备考建议
掌握3500个必备词汇及派生词、同义词、反义词等。学有余力的考生,适当记忆大学四、六级词汇,拓宽自己的词汇量,扩大自己的阅读量。
平时答题,多注意逻辑性,确定答案的来龙去脉,养成良好的答题习惯,有意识地加快答题速度,提高答题的效益。
多进行句型转换,同义词组替换。句间和段间意群概括能力的培养,多进行完成句子练习,多做同义句转换练习。
把握段落主旨。多做主旨题,多做各类阅读文章的summary,多做短文改写、缩写等形式的练习,锻炼自己能够用有限的词数概述长篇大论文章的大意,善于总结语言素材中间接信息的表达形式,然后有针对性地学习和运用,坚持下去,相信考生的归纳概括能力会有质的飞跃。
强化阅读训练。语感的培养非一朝一夕的功夫所能养成,高考真题中的完形填空、阅读理解以及任务型阅读的选材都是最佳的学习材料,因为词数相当,针对性强,体现高考的方向,把它们反复朗诵,直至背诵以培养自己的语言经验,同时一定要注意多听,多写,相信会有长足的提高。
(作者:赵长江、封明青,江苏灌南华侨双语学校)
When Should a Leader Apologize and When Not?
Why Difficult?
When we wrong someone we know, even not intentionally, we are generally expected to apologize so as to improve the situation. But when were acting as leaders, the circumstances are different. The act of apology is carried out not merely at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution. It is a performance in which every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record. Refusing to apologize can be smart, or it can be stupid. So, readiness to apologize can be seen as a sign of strong character or as a sign of weakness. A successful apology can turn hate into personal and organizational harmony — while an apology that is too little, too late, or too obviously strategic can bring on individual and institutional ruin. What, then, is to be done? How can leaders decide if and when to apologize publicly?
Why Now?
The question of whether leaders should apologize publicly has never been more urgent. During the last decade or so, the United States in particular has developed an apology culture—apologies of all kinds and for all sorts of wrongdoings are made far more frequently than before. More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of public apologies. More articles, cartoons, advice columns, and radio and television programs have similarly dealt with the subject of private apologies.
Why Bother?
Why do we apologize? Why do we ever put ourselves in situations likely to be difficult, embarrassing, and even risky? Leaders who apologize publicly could be an easy target. They are expected to appear strong and capable. And whenever they make public statements of any kind, their individual and institutional reputations are in danger. Clearly, then, leaders should not apologize often or lightly. For a leader to express apology, there needs to be a good, strong reason. Leaders will publicly apologize if and when they think the costs of doing so are lower than the costs of not doing so.
Why Refuse?
Why is it that leaders so often refuse to apologize, even when a public apology seems to be in order? Their reasons can be individual or institutional. Because leaders are public figures, their apologies are likely to be personally uncomfortable and even professionally risky. Leaders may also be afraid that admission of a mistake will damage or destroy the organization for which they are responsible. There can be good reasons for hanging tough in tough situations, as we shall see, but it is a highrisk strategy.
二、试题分析及解题过程
1.试题分析
任务型阅读是关于领导者是否需要道歉的心理剖析。文章段落清晰,提供的板块框架易懂。除了个别题需要考生对文章高度概括,有一定的难度外,多数题可以直接从文中找到答案,所填词既不生僻,也没有繁杂的词形变化,学生答题流畅,总体难度不大。
2.解题思路及答案
找准提纲中的关键词,在文中迅速进行目标定位,做好同义句转换、词性转换等。
(1) 71-73题的答案在第一段
71.根据原文中的第一段的It is a performance in which every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record. 因此71空可以填performance。
72.文章第一段but处点出当我们是领导时,道歉的情况就和一般情况不一样了,下面描述的都是作为领导,道歉的难度。得出结论,it is no easy job ...。
73.根据题干定位到文章第一段最后,破折号处引出该题。可见如果这种道歉没有很适当/正确的提出,就会造成个人和组织的毁灭。因此此空应填properly / rightly / successfully。
(2) 74-76题答案在第二段
74.根据文章第二段第一句,得出答案为urgent。
75.根据文章第二段第二句,破折号处的an apology culture,得出75空应填culture。
76.文章第二段倒数第二句,说明了More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of public apologies. 可见答案为growing / increasing / rising。
(3) 77-78题答案在第三段
77.根据题干定位到原文第三段。看到第四句“they are expected to appear strong and capable”,因此可以填expected / supposed / required。
78.第三段第四句,写明了And whenever they make public statement of any kind, ....可见这里填public。
(4) 79-80题在第四段
79.根据题干定位到原文第四段第三句,可见此空填likely。
80.原文第四段第四句,说明“leaders may also be afraid that the admission of a mistake will damage or destroy ....”,可见此空可以填damage / harm。
三、任务型阅读考查题型
任务型阅读在英语试卷中是倒数第二题,此时,考试时间所剩无几,考生心理压力加大,因此需要考生稳住心态,在有限时间内阅读并迅速抓住文章要义,并列出提纲,把该拿的分轻松拿到。
任务型阅读中的题型主要包括原词重现、固定搭配、词性转换、提炼概括四大类,四种题型难度指数一般依次上升,2011年江苏省高考任务型阅读题相对于2008、2009及2010年来说,难度并不大,甚至比2010年还易得分。具体详见4年间四种题型的分布数目,如下表所示:
表一:四年任务型阅读试题考查题型
题型分类2011201020092008
原词重现6(71,74,75,76,77,79)6(74,75,76,77,79,80)4(72,75,77,79)4(71,72,75,77)
固定搭配1(78)1(72)01(78)
词性转换1(80)2(71,73)2(73,74)4(73,76,79,80)
提炼概括2(72,73)1(78)4(71,76,78,80)1(74)
根据上表,我们可以看出2011年江苏省任务型阅读题呈现出3个特点:
1.容易题比例大。原词重现题很容易拿分,考生们务必抓牢,今年这一题型比重较大。另外,78题“public”在文中也可找到,80题“damage”虽然转词性,但形式没变;
2.没有首字母大写词;
3.有四处可填多个单词,而且都是较常见单词,它们分别是73题、76题、77题和80题。
4.提炼概括题较2010年增加一题,难度偏大,这也是考生容易失分的题目。
四、任务型阅读解题技巧
我们按照“按表”、“找准关键词”,迅速“目标定位”法在原文中找寻这样的解题技巧来做题,起到了事半功倍的效果。
第一步:读懂表格。认真分析表格中各行与各列之间的提示语与原文的关系,表格中的信息能告诉我们阅读语篇中应该寻找和把握的信息。
第二步:找准关键词。关键词通常为空格前后的名词或动词。
第三步:目标定位法。根据关键词,缩小注意范围,在对应段落中,扫视文章段落,迅速在段落中定位目标,确定考查内容。另外,题目的出题顺序和文章的行文基本一致,要按照顺序来寻找答案所在,而不是整篇文章没有头绪。
第四步:玩转任务型。
1.巧做替换。定位之后通过照抄或替换的方式得出答案,弄清楚要求填入的信息属于什么范畴,弄清楚答题的标准,用什么形式表述。由于要求不同,很可能每个题目的答题标准都不同。照抄就是原词重现,替换即是固定搭配、词性转换、提炼概括等。
2.兼顾前后。根据已完成的阅读填入正确答案。注意表述方式的科学性,要兼顾空格前后左右的文意、时态、结构、词性等,仔细推敲,全面衡量,最后定断。
3.词性转化。方式有名词、动词、形容词及副词之间的相互转换、动词及其分词之间的相互转换。
4.完整检查:做完试题后,要完整检查一次,看看是否列与列保持一致,行与行保持一致,是否全部填入,看看填入的内容与表达方式是否与原题一致,注意大小写、词性、结构、表达方式要与已经给出的信息一致。注意句首单词的首字母全要大写。
5.引以为戒:
(1) 拼写不规范。一些考生字迹潦草,难以辨认,首字母c,p,u等写得过大,有大写之嫌。拼写单词时多字母或少字母,尤其是“appropriately”、“properly”等拼写错误最多;
(2) 平时训练不到位。有很多同学一个空填多个单词,有对有错不得分;
(3) 答题错位。填写时没看清题号,造成无谓失分;
(4) 本不需要词形变化的,却要画蛇添足。如75题,不少同学会写成cultural。
五、任务型阅读试题命题预测及备考建议
1.试题命题预测
由近四年高考任务型阅读试题的变化可以看出,体裁会以议论文和说明文为主,难度与今年持平或稍微加大,词数500左右,8个段落左右,试题难度维持在容易题∶中等题∶难题=5∶3∶2,对原词重现、固定搭配的考查题数不会增加,对词性转换,提炼概括的试题可能增加,这样可以考查考生的提炼总结概括的能力,也更能体现高考的选拔性功能。
2.备考建议
掌握3500个必备词汇及派生词、同义词、反义词等。学有余力的考生,适当记忆大学四、六级词汇,拓宽自己的词汇量,扩大自己的阅读量。
平时答题,多注意逻辑性,确定答案的来龙去脉,养成良好的答题习惯,有意识地加快答题速度,提高答题的效益。
多进行句型转换,同义词组替换。句间和段间意群概括能力的培养,多进行完成句子练习,多做同义句转换练习。
把握段落主旨。多做主旨题,多做各类阅读文章的summary,多做短文改写、缩写等形式的练习,锻炼自己能够用有限的词数概述长篇大论文章的大意,善于总结语言素材中间接信息的表达形式,然后有针对性地学习和运用,坚持下去,相信考生的归纳概括能力会有质的飞跃。
强化阅读训练。语感的培养非一朝一夕的功夫所能养成,高考真题中的完形填空、阅读理解以及任务型阅读的选材都是最佳的学习材料,因为词数相当,针对性强,体现高考的方向,把它们反复朗诵,直至背诵以培养自己的语言经验,同时一定要注意多听,多写,相信会有长足的提高。
(作者:赵长江、封明青,江苏灌南华侨双语学校)