一 序言与数字计算机的技术制造,例如电子技术及其布线问题相反,软设备的概念总括了一切以程序形式来控制计算机及其设备的东西。一般说来,用于进行协调的管理程序、输入——输出常规、应用程序以及用来重新使程序通用化的汇编和自动编码都属于这类东西。无论从技术结构——硬设备上,还是从管理和工作程序上,都可以把商用和科技用的计算机与各种不同的过程控制机区分开来。计算的精确度在科技问题上有着特别的意义,因 A Preamble In contrast to the technical manufacture of digital computers, such as electronics and their wiring problems, the concept of soft devices encapsulates everything that controls computers and their devices programmatically. In general, compilation and autocoding used to coordinate the management procedures, input-output routines, applications, and to re-generalize the program fall into this category. It is possible to distinguish between commercial and technological computers from a wide range of process control machines, both in terms of technical architecture - hardware, management and work processes. The precision of calculation has special significance in science and technology issues because