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为了对抗大革命的政治实践和理论基础,即契约论中的任意性因素,圣西门和孔德强调社会不是可以任由人的意志所更改的,而是受制于文明发展的自然法则。不过,法则概念本身并不完全来自经验观察,而是构成了经验观察的前提假设。法则本身在设定上的任意性,及其背后的假设,即按照法则来创造社会的理想,无论是在理论上,还是在实践上,都并不比大革命更少任意性。经由涂尔干的转化,法则概念及其哲学假定构成了实证主义经验研究的默识。
In order to combat the political practice and theoretical foundation of the Great Revolution, that is, the arbitrariness in contractualism, Saint Simon and Comte emphasized that society can not be changed by the will of man but by the natural law of civilization. However, the notion of law itself does not come entirely from empirical observation, but rather constitutes a presupposition of empirical observation. The arbitrariness of the rule itself and its underlying assumption that the ideal of creating society in accordance with the law are not less theoretically or practically less arbitrary than the Great Revolution. Through Durkheim’s transformation, the notion of law and its philosophical assumptions constitute the tacit understanding of positivist empirical research.