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作为近代中国城市社会底层一个数量庞大的职业性群体,工商业学徒对中国早期工业化进程产生过很大影响。被资本家改造过的学徒制度使工商业学徒群体由传统社会中的准工商业从业者异化成为近代企业的廉价顺从劳动力,实现了群体角色的转换。数量庞大的学徒群体构成民族工业规模巨大的廉价劳动力供给来源,降低了民族企业在市场竞争中的生产经营成本;作为一种独特的人力资源培养机制,学徒制度还造就了若干适应市场环境的学徒型企业家,对中国早期工业化的展开起到了积极的促进作用。但由于学徒制度的固有缺陷,学徒群体带来的规模优势又形成路径依赖,导致学徒制度变迁进入锁定状态,使学徒群体转化为阻碍早期工业化深入发展的劣势。一方面,数量庞大的学徒群体的存在抑制了近代中国部分工业产业升级的动力;另一方面,学徒过多带来的恶性竞争对于学徒群体本身的成长也是极为不利的。
As a large-scale professional group at the bottom of modern Chinese urban society, business apprentices have had a great influence on the process of China’s early industrialization. The apprenticeship system transformed by the capitalists alienated the business apprenticeship community from the quasi-business practitioners in the traditional society to the cheap obedient workforce of modern enterprises, thus realizing the conversion of group roles. A large number of apprenticeships constitute a huge source of cheap labor supply for ethnic industries and reduce the production and operation costs of national enterprises in the market competition. As a unique training mechanism for human resources, the apprenticeship system has created a number of apprentices who adapt to the market environment Type entrepreneurs play a positive role in promoting the early industrialization in China. However, due to the inherent defects of the apprenticeship system, the scale advantages brought by the apprenticeship groups also formed a path dependence, which led to the change of the apprenticeship system into a locked state, transforming the apprenticeship group into a disadvantage that hindered the further development of early industrialization. On the one hand, the existence of a large number of apprenticeships has restrained the impetus of the upgrading of some industrial industries in modern China. On the other hand, the vicious competition brought by the excessive apprenticeship is extremely unfavorable to the growth of the apprentices themselves.