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关键词 完形填空 解题方法 信息推断
推断空白处信息是完形填空最重要的解题技能：不看选项，根据上下文的逻辑关系、词汇搭配、语法知识、主旨大意、生活常识、上下文线索以及句型结构猜出空白处应该填什么词。一般，若猜出的单词能在选项中找到，或与某个选项很相似，那么，这个选项八九不离十就是最佳答案。
一、首句信息
文章首句一般不会设空，也是了解文章大意的窗口。第一句往往是文章的主题句，可以知道文章的主题、体裁、时态等信息。
【例1】The passengers on the bus watched with sympathy as Susan made her way carefully up the steps. She paid the driver and then, using her hands to 31 the seats, settled in one of them.
It had been a year since Susan became blind. As the result of an accident she was suddenly thrown into a world of darkness.
31Atouch Bgrab
CcountDfeel
【解析】仔细阅读第一句话，根据第一句话的信息：watched with sympathy/made her way carefully up the steps，可以推测Susan可能是一个盲人，再从下一段的第一句话中的关键词blind可以验证此前的猜测，因此猜31空填feel（摸索），然后看选项中有这个词，可确定此题选D。
【例2】Most people give little thought to the pens they write with, especially since the printers in modern homes and offices mean that very 36 things are handwritten. All too often, people buy a pen based only on looks, and wonder why they are not satisfied once they begin to use it. However, buying a pen that youll enjoy is not difficult if you keep the following in mind.
36AmanyBfew
CpleasantDimportant
【解析】根据第一句话的信息：大多数人很少会考虑他们经常用来写字的笔，尤其是因为现代家庭和办公室有了打印机，可以猜测后面that从句的意思是：这就意味着现在很少用手写字了。猜36空填few，然后再看选项中有这个词，可确定此题选B。
二、上下文线索
根据上下文线索是推断完形填空信息的重要手段。有些空的信息可以在上文中找到明确的依据，另一些空的信息需要根据下文的信息才可以推断出来。
【例3】The gentleman said no and told me that he needed to go to the nursing home to eat breakfast with his wife. He told me that she had been 44 for a while and that she had a special disease.
44AlateBwell
CaroundDthere
【解析】根据这两句话的语篇联系，可以猜测44空填there，因为there指代上文中的地点名词短语the nursing home。选项中果然有这个词，可确定D为正确答案。
【例4】Robert Moody, 52, is an experienced police officer. Much of his work involves dealing with 16 and gang problems in the schools of his community. Knowing that many kids often ran into trouble, he decided to do something about it. So in 1991 he began to invite small groups of kids to go fishing with him on his day off.
16AdrinkingBdrug
CsecurityDsmoking
【解析】此题难度较大。干扰性最大的选项C，根据常识警察的职责是处理安全(security)问题。但是下文有好几处提到drug一词，而且全文主要叙述警察Robert Moody通过带孩子们钓鱼，帮助他们远离毒品(drug)，因此选项B符合全文的主题。
三、主旨大意
高考完形填空根据单独一句话就可得出正确答案的题目大约占30%左右，属于容易题；绝大部分要通过理解透上下文甚至全文的主题才可以判断最佳答案，占70%左右，属于中档或较难试题。
【例5】One doesnt step into water in ones best summer clothes. Why not?
Customers are not served in the sea. Why not?
Sometimes one should consider crossing the line of convention（常规）and enjoy 55 to the fullest.
55AlifeBwine
ClunchDtime
【解析】作者由上面的故事发出感叹：人们有时需要打破常规，尽情地享受生活的乐趣。正常情况下，人们是不会在海水中用餐的，那么为什么不尝试一次呢？55空从动词enjoy与这四个选项的搭配来看，四个选项都可以。此题一定要结合全文的主题分析判断。答案为A。
四、语法分析
现在的高考完形填空直接考语法知识的试题非常少，但是这并不意味着我们解题时不需要利用语法知识去分析句子结构。有时我们借助语法知识，可以更好地帮助我们确定正确答案，特别是一些考查连词的试题。
【例6】Those fun trips had a lasting impact. A chance encounter in 2000 proved that. One day, 20 working security at a school basketball game, Moody noticed two young guys quarreling. He sensed trouble between them. Suddenly, one of them headed toward Moody and gave him a hug. “I remember you. You took me fishing when I was in fifth grade. That was one of the best days of my life.”
20AonceBwhile
CsinceDuntil
【解析】有一天，当他在负责维护一场学校篮球赛安全时，注意到两个年轻人在争吵。While“当……时候”，引导时间状语从句，后面可接现在分词，相当于while he was working security…。从语法的角度可确定此题的答案为B。
【例7】A personal visit to a town may help one better understand why it is attractive 55 just reading about it in a guide-book.
55AfromBthan
CthroughDwith
【解析】本题可通过语法分析来解。根据句中的关键信息better去分析，说明这是一个副词比较等级句型，很容易猜出此处填than，than引导一个比较状语从句。此题的正确答案为B。
五、原词复现
原词复现指个别试题答案就是上下文中出现的词。注意，并非原文中出现的词汇就可视为正确答案，只有符合全文主题，填入原文后能使上下文意思连贯的词汇才是最佳答案。
【例8】 A man who knows how to write a personal letter has a very powerful tool. A letter can be enjoyed, read and 21 . It can set up a warm conversation between two people far apart; it can keep a friendship with very little effort.
… Rereading the letter, I was surprised by its humor and clever expressions…
21AreceivedBrewritten
CreturnedDreread
【解析】刚读完第一句，很难猜出此空到底填哪个词好，但是当读到第二段中的Rereading the letter这个短语中的关键词“Rereading”时，考生就会恍然大悟，原来21空肯定是填reread一词。此题的正确答案为D。
【例9】…So in 1991 he began to invite small groups of kids to go fishing with him on his day 0ff.
…He sensed trouble between them. Suddenly, one of them headed toward Moody and gave him a hug. “I remember you. You took me 24 when I was in fifth grade. That was one of the best days of my life.”
24AfishingBsailing
CboatingDswimming
【解析】那个年轻人说：“我记得（remember）你。我读五年级的时候，你带我去钓过鱼。”因为上文提及了Moody经常在休假日带孩子们去钓鱼，所以第24空不用看选项就可猜出答案。此题答案为A。
六、生活常识
做完形填空不仅需要扎实的语言基本功，而且对考生的知识面要求很高，这就是所谓的语言之外的能力。完形填空中有的试题就是考查根据生活常识去推断信息的能力。
【例10】My dance class was doing a routine on wooden boxes two feet by two feet, facing the 42 . All I had to do in the next move was put one foot on the box next to mine and keep my other foot on my box.
42AmusicBaudience
CcurtainDstage
【解析】此题答案为B。本文主要讲述作者小时候参加班上舞蹈演出的一次难忘经历。根据常识可知，演员表演节目当然是面对观众(audience)了。
【例11】“They are experienced laborers who know how to spread the weight of the rocks they carry. See how the man positions the rock just at the slope of his 43 . Some of the rocks weight is set 44 his head, some on the right hand and some on the left hand. His body isnt bent. His legs are well placed. ”
43AshoulderBback
CchestDarms
44AonBagainst
CtowardDunder
【解析】这一段主要描述了熟练的劳动者用肩膀搬运石头的情景。43和44两空都有一定的难度，考生没有这方面的生活常识恐怕很容易出错。43空根据下文His body isnt bent（他的身体没有弯曲），可排除选项B，根据生活常识以及上下文可确定此题的答案为A。44空也要根据生活常识去推断。石头斜靠着(against)头部，因此脖子就分担了石头的一部分重量，还有一部分重量在右手和左手上，这样就可以减轻肩膀承担的重量。因此此题的正确答案为B。如果选A(on)，就不符合常理了，因为石头的一部分重量压在头上，正常人是吃不消的。
七、逻辑关系
高考完形填空有一部分试题考查的是考生理解句子之间的逻辑关系的能力。这类试题主要涉及一些连词或副词的选用等。比如，表示并列关系的连词有and, or；表示转折关系的连词有but, yet, while, on the one hand, on the other hand, although, though, as等，副词有however等；表示因果关系的连词有so, because, since, as, for等，副词有therefore, thus等；表示递进关系的副词besides, furthermore, 短语有Whats more等；表示时间关系的有连词before, as, when, while等。
【例12】I met Mrs. Neidl in the ninth grade on a stage-design team for a play and she was one of the directors. Almost instantly I loved her. She had an unpleasant voice and a direct way of speaking, 36 she was encouraging and inspiring. For some reason, she was impressed with my work and me.
36AandByet
CsoDfor
【解析】根据unpleasant and a direct way of speaking含有贬义，而encouraging and inspiring带有褒义可知，这两个分句之间存在逻辑上的转折关系，因此猜此题填but。再看选项中有yet一词与but很接近，因此可确定正确答案为B。
【例13】When Alice started to cycle home from Jennys house, she wasnt nervous. She was certainly not afraid of the dark. 36 , it was only a 15-minute ride home. But halfway there, she began to wish that she hadnt been so brave.
36AHoweverBBesides
CThereforeDOtherwise
【解析】认真分析36空前后句子的逻辑关系。前一句提到她不怕黑暗，与后句的只有15分钟的路程为递进关系。据此可猜此处填besides，选项中也可找到此词，这样可确定此题的答案为B。
八、固定搭配
固定搭配是完形填空中比较容易的一类题型，因为这类试题主要在句子层面考查考生的理解能力，考生只要熟悉某个固定搭配的用法以及含义，那么这个题目的答案就迎刃而解了。
【例14】Now I realize that in marriages, true love is acceptance of all that is. The happiest people dont necessarily have the best of everything; they just 54 the best of everything they have. Life isnt about how to live through the storm, but how to dance in the rain.
54AlearnBmake
CfavorDtry
【解析】make the best of充分利用，是一个固定短语。此题答案为B。
【例15】… A point should also be sensitive enough to 49 ink from running when the pen is lifted. A point that does not block the flow may leave drops of ink, as you pick the pen up and put it down again.
49ApreventBfree
CprotectDremove
【解析】此题可从固定搭配的角度去分析。prevent…from doing sth. 阻止某事发生。题意为：好的钢笔笔尖应该非常敏感，当笔离开纸张时，笔尖能阻止墨水流出来。此题干扰性最大的选项是C，protect… from…的含义是“保护……免遭伤害”。此题选A。
平时训练时，多做一些自由完形填空（即不给出选项）的练习，以提高逻辑思维能力。先易后难，循序渐进。先做一些较容易短文填词（十或十五个空）练习；也可以做一些用所给单词或短语的适当形式完成短文的填词练习；随着解题能力的提高，再适当做一些最新高考完形填空题。
作者简介：邹国如，高级教师，执教于江西省新干中学，发表文章多篇。
责任编辑 张丹凤
推断空白处信息是完形填空最重要的解题技能：不看选项，根据上下文的逻辑关系、词汇搭配、语法知识、主旨大意、生活常识、上下文线索以及句型结构猜出空白处应该填什么词。一般，若猜出的单词能在选项中找到，或与某个选项很相似，那么，这个选项八九不离十就是最佳答案。
一、首句信息
文章首句一般不会设空，也是了解文章大意的窗口。第一句往往是文章的主题句，可以知道文章的主题、体裁、时态等信息。
【例1】The passengers on the bus watched with sympathy as Susan made her way carefully up the steps. She paid the driver and then, using her hands to 31 the seats, settled in one of them.
It had been a year since Susan became blind. As the result of an accident she was suddenly thrown into a world of darkness.
31Atouch Bgrab
CcountDfeel
【解析】仔细阅读第一句话，根据第一句话的信息：watched with sympathy/made her way carefully up the steps，可以推测Susan可能是一个盲人，再从下一段的第一句话中的关键词blind可以验证此前的猜测，因此猜31空填feel（摸索），然后看选项中有这个词，可确定此题选D。
【例2】Most people give little thought to the pens they write with, especially since the printers in modern homes and offices mean that very 36 things are handwritten. All too often, people buy a pen based only on looks, and wonder why they are not satisfied once they begin to use it. However, buying a pen that youll enjoy is not difficult if you keep the following in mind.
36AmanyBfew
CpleasantDimportant
【解析】根据第一句话的信息：大多数人很少会考虑他们经常用来写字的笔，尤其是因为现代家庭和办公室有了打印机，可以猜测后面that从句的意思是：这就意味着现在很少用手写字了。猜36空填few，然后再看选项中有这个词，可确定此题选B。
二、上下文线索
根据上下文线索是推断完形填空信息的重要手段。有些空的信息可以在上文中找到明确的依据，另一些空的信息需要根据下文的信息才可以推断出来。
【例3】The gentleman said no and told me that he needed to go to the nursing home to eat breakfast with his wife. He told me that she had been 44 for a while and that she had a special disease.
44AlateBwell
CaroundDthere
【解析】根据这两句话的语篇联系，可以猜测44空填there，因为there指代上文中的地点名词短语the nursing home。选项中果然有这个词，可确定D为正确答案。
【例4】Robert Moody, 52, is an experienced police officer. Much of his work involves dealing with 16 and gang problems in the schools of his community. Knowing that many kids often ran into trouble, he decided to do something about it. So in 1991 he began to invite small groups of kids to go fishing with him on his day off.
16AdrinkingBdrug
CsecurityDsmoking
【解析】此题难度较大。干扰性最大的选项C，根据常识警察的职责是处理安全(security)问题。但是下文有好几处提到drug一词，而且全文主要叙述警察Robert Moody通过带孩子们钓鱼，帮助他们远离毒品(drug)，因此选项B符合全文的主题。
三、主旨大意
高考完形填空根据单独一句话就可得出正确答案的题目大约占30%左右，属于容易题；绝大部分要通过理解透上下文甚至全文的主题才可以判断最佳答案，占70%左右，属于中档或较难试题。
【例5】One doesnt step into water in ones best summer clothes. Why not?
Customers are not served in the sea. Why not?
Sometimes one should consider crossing the line of convention（常规）and enjoy 55 to the fullest.
55AlifeBwine
ClunchDtime
【解析】作者由上面的故事发出感叹：人们有时需要打破常规，尽情地享受生活的乐趣。正常情况下，人们是不会在海水中用餐的，那么为什么不尝试一次呢？55空从动词enjoy与这四个选项的搭配来看，四个选项都可以。此题一定要结合全文的主题分析判断。答案为A。
四、语法分析
现在的高考完形填空直接考语法知识的试题非常少，但是这并不意味着我们解题时不需要利用语法知识去分析句子结构。有时我们借助语法知识，可以更好地帮助我们确定正确答案，特别是一些考查连词的试题。
【例6】Those fun trips had a lasting impact. A chance encounter in 2000 proved that. One day, 20 working security at a school basketball game, Moody noticed two young guys quarreling. He sensed trouble between them. Suddenly, one of them headed toward Moody and gave him a hug. “I remember you. You took me fishing when I was in fifth grade. That was one of the best days of my life.”
20AonceBwhile
CsinceDuntil
【解析】有一天，当他在负责维护一场学校篮球赛安全时，注意到两个年轻人在争吵。While“当……时候”，引导时间状语从句，后面可接现在分词，相当于while he was working security…。从语法的角度可确定此题的答案为B。
【例7】A personal visit to a town may help one better understand why it is attractive 55 just reading about it in a guide-book.
55AfromBthan
CthroughDwith
【解析】本题可通过语法分析来解。根据句中的关键信息better去分析，说明这是一个副词比较等级句型，很容易猜出此处填than，than引导一个比较状语从句。此题的正确答案为B。
五、原词复现
原词复现指个别试题答案就是上下文中出现的词。注意，并非原文中出现的词汇就可视为正确答案，只有符合全文主题，填入原文后能使上下文意思连贯的词汇才是最佳答案。
【例8】 A man who knows how to write a personal letter has a very powerful tool. A letter can be enjoyed, read and 21 . It can set up a warm conversation between two people far apart; it can keep a friendship with very little effort.
… Rereading the letter, I was surprised by its humor and clever expressions…
21AreceivedBrewritten
CreturnedDreread
【解析】刚读完第一句，很难猜出此空到底填哪个词好，但是当读到第二段中的Rereading the letter这个短语中的关键词“Rereading”时，考生就会恍然大悟，原来21空肯定是填reread一词。此题的正确答案为D。
【例9】…So in 1991 he began to invite small groups of kids to go fishing with him on his day 0ff.
…He sensed trouble between them. Suddenly, one of them headed toward Moody and gave him a hug. “I remember you. You took me 24 when I was in fifth grade. That was one of the best days of my life.”
24AfishingBsailing
CboatingDswimming
【解析】那个年轻人说：“我记得（remember）你。我读五年级的时候，你带我去钓过鱼。”因为上文提及了Moody经常在休假日带孩子们去钓鱼，所以第24空不用看选项就可猜出答案。此题答案为A。
六、生活常识
做完形填空不仅需要扎实的语言基本功，而且对考生的知识面要求很高，这就是所谓的语言之外的能力。完形填空中有的试题就是考查根据生活常识去推断信息的能力。
【例10】My dance class was doing a routine on wooden boxes two feet by two feet, facing the 42 . All I had to do in the next move was put one foot on the box next to mine and keep my other foot on my box.
42AmusicBaudience
CcurtainDstage
【解析】此题答案为B。本文主要讲述作者小时候参加班上舞蹈演出的一次难忘经历。根据常识可知，演员表演节目当然是面对观众(audience)了。
【例11】“They are experienced laborers who know how to spread the weight of the rocks they carry. See how the man positions the rock just at the slope of his 43 . Some of the rocks weight is set 44 his head, some on the right hand and some on the left hand. His body isnt bent. His legs are well placed. ”
43AshoulderBback
CchestDarms
44AonBagainst
CtowardDunder
【解析】这一段主要描述了熟练的劳动者用肩膀搬运石头的情景。43和44两空都有一定的难度，考生没有这方面的生活常识恐怕很容易出错。43空根据下文His body isnt bent（他的身体没有弯曲），可排除选项B，根据生活常识以及上下文可确定此题的答案为A。44空也要根据生活常识去推断。石头斜靠着(against)头部，因此脖子就分担了石头的一部分重量，还有一部分重量在右手和左手上，这样就可以减轻肩膀承担的重量。因此此题的正确答案为B。如果选A(on)，就不符合常理了，因为石头的一部分重量压在头上，正常人是吃不消的。
七、逻辑关系
高考完形填空有一部分试题考查的是考生理解句子之间的逻辑关系的能力。这类试题主要涉及一些连词或副词的选用等。比如，表示并列关系的连词有and, or；表示转折关系的连词有but, yet, while, on the one hand, on the other hand, although, though, as等，副词有however等；表示因果关系的连词有so, because, since, as, for等，副词有therefore, thus等；表示递进关系的副词besides, furthermore, 短语有Whats more等；表示时间关系的有连词before, as, when, while等。
【例12】I met Mrs. Neidl in the ninth grade on a stage-design team for a play and she was one of the directors. Almost instantly I loved her. She had an unpleasant voice and a direct way of speaking, 36 she was encouraging and inspiring. For some reason, she was impressed with my work and me.
36AandByet
CsoDfor
【解析】根据unpleasant and a direct way of speaking含有贬义，而encouraging and inspiring带有褒义可知，这两个分句之间存在逻辑上的转折关系，因此猜此题填but。再看选项中有yet一词与but很接近，因此可确定正确答案为B。
【例13】When Alice started to cycle home from Jennys house, she wasnt nervous. She was certainly not afraid of the dark. 36 , it was only a 15-minute ride home. But halfway there, she began to wish that she hadnt been so brave.
36AHoweverBBesides
CThereforeDOtherwise
【解析】认真分析36空前后句子的逻辑关系。前一句提到她不怕黑暗，与后句的只有15分钟的路程为递进关系。据此可猜此处填besides，选项中也可找到此词，这样可确定此题的答案为B。
八、固定搭配
固定搭配是完形填空中比较容易的一类题型，因为这类试题主要在句子层面考查考生的理解能力，考生只要熟悉某个固定搭配的用法以及含义，那么这个题目的答案就迎刃而解了。
【例14】Now I realize that in marriages, true love is acceptance of all that is. The happiest people dont necessarily have the best of everything; they just 54 the best of everything they have. Life isnt about how to live through the storm, but how to dance in the rain.
54AlearnBmake
CfavorDtry
【解析】make the best of充分利用，是一个固定短语。此题答案为B。
【例15】… A point should also be sensitive enough to 49 ink from running when the pen is lifted. A point that does not block the flow may leave drops of ink, as you pick the pen up and put it down again.
49ApreventBfree
CprotectDremove
【解析】此题可从固定搭配的角度去分析。prevent…from doing sth. 阻止某事发生。题意为：好的钢笔笔尖应该非常敏感，当笔离开纸张时，笔尖能阻止墨水流出来。此题干扰性最大的选项是C，protect… from…的含义是“保护……免遭伤害”。此题选A。
平时训练时，多做一些自由完形填空（即不给出选项）的练习，以提高逻辑思维能力。先易后难，循序渐进。先做一些较容易短文填词（十或十五个空）练习；也可以做一些用所给单词或短语的适当形式完成短文的填词练习；随着解题能力的提高，再适当做一些最新高考完形填空题。
作者简介：邹国如，高级教师，执教于江西省新干中学，发表文章多篇。
责任编辑 张丹凤